How Much Did Early Christians Refer to the Old Testament? ' Mar. 2020 version
It is agreed that early Christians accepted the Old Testament, but it is interesting to compare the documented references of the Old Testament to the New. This chart showed who referred to which Old Testament passages and when. The apocrypha and pseudepigrapha are listed in a separate chart.
Rows: red = persecution of Christians, Green = heresy, Orange = schism, Pale blue = Bible manuscripts, pink = strange teacher, brown = Christians persecuting others
W = Books and quotes mentioned by name or by writer''''' G = Quoted as God or Lord says or God's Word I = Implied (i.e. minor vs. 12) '''''''' blank = not researched yet '' X = rejected''' - no reference found
S = Referred to as scripture, law, or prophet said '''''''''''''' g = Mentions Kings with no allusion or reference E =not scripture but good to read'''' Q = quotes 1 or more verses ' '= quote of ' verse''' A = Allusion
Christian writer, heretic, or Bible manuscript |
Pages |
Date A.D. |
OT |
Law |
Gn |
Ex |
Lv |
Nm |
Dt |
Josh |
Jdg |
Ru |
1Sam |
2Sam |
1 Ki |
2 Ki |
1Chr |
2Chr |
Ezr |
Neh |
Esth |
Job |
Ps |
Pr |
Ec |
SofS |
Isa |
Jer |
Lam |
Eze |
Dan |
12 |
Hos |
Joel |
Am |
Ob |
Jon |
Mic |
Nah |
Hab |
Zeph |
Hag |
Zech |
Mal |
Writer |
||||
Rahlfs 957 manuscript (Dt 25:1-3, Greek) |
<1 |
200-100 B.C. |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Q |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Rahlfs 957(Dt 25:1-3, Greek) |
||||
Rahlfs 848 ms. (Dt 31:28-30; 32:1-7, Greek) |
<1 |
100-1 B.C. |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Q |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Rahlfs 848 (Dt 31:28-30; 32:1-7, Greek) |
||||
Rahlfs 814 ms. (Gen 14:12-15, Greek Sept.) |
<1 |
150-200 A.D. |
- |
- |
Q |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Rahlfs 814 (Gen 14:12-15, Greek Septuagint) |
||||
Dead Sea Scrolls manuscripts |
before 68 |
- |
- |
Q |
Q |
Q |
Q |
Q |
Q |
Q |
Q |
Q |
Q |
Q |
Q |
Q |
Q |
Q |
- |
- |
Q |
Q |
Q |
Q |
Q |
Q |
Q |
Q |
Q |
Q |
Q |
Q |
Q |
Q |
Q |
Q |
Q |
Q |
Q |
Q |
Q |
Q |
Q |
Dead Sea Scrolls |
|||||
Dead Sea Scrolls of Genesis 1Q1, 2Q1, 4Q1, 4Q2, 4Q3, 4Q4, 4Q5, 4Q6, 4Q7, 4Q8a, 4Q8b, 4Q8c, 4Q9, 4Q10, 4Q11, 4Q12, 6Q1, 8Q1 |
before 68 |
- |
- |
Q |
Q |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||
Philo the Alexandrian Jew |
many |
20 B.C. to 50 |
- |
W |
W |
W |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Q |
- |
A |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Q |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Q |
- |
Philo the Alexandrian Jew |
||||
Nero and Domitian persecute Christians |
50 & 95/96 |
Est 500K Christians. Christians were labeled atheists and killed for refusing to worship the emperor and pagan idols. |
Nero and Domitian persecutions |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Clement of Rome (wrote 1 Clement) |
16 ' |
96-98 |
- |
- |
S |
G |
- |
Q |
Q |
Q |
- |
- |
- |
- |
A |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
W |
W |
W |
G |
- |
- |
Q |
- |
- |
G |
A |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
W |
- |
- |
S |
- |
- |
- |
' |
Clement of Rome (wrote 1 Clement) |
||||
Papias of Hierapolis, disciple of John |
2 |
95-110 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Papias of Hierapolis, John's disciple |
||||
'Presbyters' (Papias?) |
' |
95-117 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
'Presbyters' (Papias?) |
||||
Ignatius disciple of John (short version) |
13 |
c.100-117 |
- |
W |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
G |
- |
- |
' |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Ignatius disciple of John (short version) |
||||
Trajan persecutes Christians |
|
107-117 |
Answered Pliny the Younger's letter. Christians are not to be sought after, but only killed if found. |
Trajan persecutes Christians |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Didache (=Teaching of 12 Apostles) |
4 ' |
c.60-120 |
- |
- |
- |
Q |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Didache (=Teaching of 12 Apostles) |
||||
Apology of Aristides (Greek version) |
4 |
125or138-161 |
- |
W |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Apology of Aristides (Greek version) |
||||
Quadratus of Athens fragment |
1/8 |
126 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Quadratus of Athens fragment |
||||
Epistle of Barnabas |
12 ' |
c.70-130 |
- |
- |
G |
W |
W |
W |
W |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
W |
- |
- |
- |
G |
G |
- |
G |
S |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
S |
- |
G |
- |
Epistle of Barnabas |
||||
Hadrian persecutes Christians |
|
118 & 134 |
Hadrian loved Greek culture, and persecuted both Jews and Christians. The Jewish Bar Cochba revolt happened under him. |
Hadrian persecutes Christians |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Bar Cochba persecutes Christians |
|
135 |
Christians persecuted in Israel because Christians would not join Bar Cochba's revolt. |
Bar Cochba persecutes Christians |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2 Clement (anonymous writer) |
5 ' |
120-140 |
- |
- |
S |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
W |
S |
- |
W |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
2 Clement (anonymous writer) |
||||
Polycarp, John's disciple, to the Philippians |
3 ' |
100-155 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Q |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Polycarp, John's disciple, to the Philippians |
||||
Epistle to Diognetus (Mathetes to Diognetus) |
5 ' |
c.130-200 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Q |
Epistle to Diognetus (Mathetes to Diognetus) |
||||
Total Apostolic Fathers to 155 A.D. |
67.5 |
-155 |
0 |
2 |
3 |
3 |
1 |
2 |
2 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
2 |
2 |
0 |
0 |
4 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
2 |
Total Apostolic Fathers, to 155 A.D. |
||||
Shepherd of Hermas |
46 ' |
c.115-155 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
A |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
A |
- |
- |
A |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
A |
- |
Shepherd of Hermas |
||||
Justin Martyr, philosopher, apologist |
137 |
c.138-165 |
I |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
- |
- |
A |
Q |
W |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
W |
W |
W |
- |
- |
W |
W |
- |
W |
W |
W |
W |
S |
W |
- |
W |
W |
- |
- |
- |
- |
W |
W |
Justin of Neocaesarea, apologist |
||||
Evarestus' Martyrdom of Polycarp |
5 |
c.169 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Evarestus' Martyrdom of Polycarp |
||||
Marcion of Pontus, pupil of Cerdo/Cerdon. Apelles & Prepon from Marcion |
defore170- |
Gnostics all believed the Creator, the God of the Old Testament, was evil or foolish. Rejecting the Old Testament, they made their own scriptures, mixing Greek paganism with Christianity. |
Marcion of Pontus, pupil of Cerdo/Cerdon. Apelles & Prepon from Marcion |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Menander then Satorninos/ Saturnilus (ascetic Gnostics) |
c.150-4th |
Cerdo & Menander from Simon in Acts. Encratite gnostics came from Saturnilus. |
Menander then Satorninos/ Saturnilus (ascetic Gnostics) |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Dionysius of Corinth (against Marcion) |
1/3 |
170 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Dionysius of Corinth |
||||
Tatian, pupil of Justin, later Encratite |
18+86 |
c.172 |
- |
- |
A |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
' |
- |
- |
- |
W |
W |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
A |
Q |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Tatian, pupil of Justin, later Encratite |
||||
Basilides & his pupil Isidorus, changed from Menander's teaching |
2.5 |
132-135-4th |
- |
- |
A |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Basilides & his pupil Isidorus, changed from Menander's teaching |
||||
Sethian Gnostics (libertine) |
20 |
?-4th cen. |
- |
- |
A |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Sethian Gnostics (libertine) |
||||
Hermetic Gnostics (no mention of Christ) |
6 |
?-4th cen. |
- |
- |
A |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Hermetic Gnostics |
||||
Valentinians including Heracleon, Colorbasus, Marcus, & Ptolemy |
23+12 |
c.150-4th |
- |
- |
A |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Valentinians including Heracleon, Colorbasus, Marcus, & Ptolemy |
||||
Other gnostics: Cainites, Carpocrates, Docetics, Peretae, Cerinthus, Dositheus, Monoimus, Hermogenes, Marcillinians, Melchisedecians, Nicolaus, Ophites, Secundus/Epiphanes |
37 |
c.150-4th century |
- |
- |
A |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Other gnostics: Cainites, Carpocrates, Docetics, Peretae, Cerinthus, Dositheus, Monoimus, Hermogenes, Marcillinians, Melchisedecians, Nicolaus, Ophites, Secundus/Epiphanes |
||||
Athenagoras (apologist) |
33 ' |
177 |
- |
- |
A |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
S |
- |
- |
W |
W |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Athenagoras (apologist) |
||||
Christians of Vienna and Lugdunum |
6 ' |
177 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
A |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Christians of Vienna and Lugdunum |
||||
Persecution of Marcus Aurelius |
|
162/166-180 |
Aurelius was a Stoic philosopher. Persecution, mainly in Gaul, ended with his death. |
Persecution of Marcus Aurelius |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Claudius Apollinaris of Hierapolis |
' |
160-177/180 |
- |
W |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Claudius Apollinaris of Hierapolis |
||||
Melito/Meleto of Sardis (Quartodec.) |
11 |
170-177/180 |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
- |
X* |
X |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
X* |
W |
W |
W |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
W |
- |
W |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Melito/Meleto of Sardis (Quartodec.) |
||||
Hegesippus (chronicler) |
2 ' |
170-180 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
W |
W |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Hegesippus (chronicler) |
||||
Rhodon (against Marcion & Apelles) |
' |
180 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Rhodon (against Marcion & Apelles) |
||||
Theophilus of Antioch (to Autolycus) |
32 |
168-181/188 |
- |
- |
W |
G |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Q |
W |
W |
- |
- |
W |
W |
- |
W |
W |
- |
W |
W |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
W |
- |
- |
W |
W |
Theophilus of Antioch (to Autolycus) |
||||
Ebionites (O.T. Mt, observe Law, Father, Son) Clementina, Protoevangelium |
265 ' |
- 188 - |
- |
W |
Q |
W |
' |
W |
W |
S |
A |
- |
- |
- |
A |
- |
- |
A |
- |
- |
- |
- |
S |
A |
A |
- |
S |
S |
W |
A |
A |
- |
S |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Ebionites (O.T. Mt, observe Law, Father, Son) |
||||
Irenaeus of Lyons, Polycarp's disciple |
284 ' |
182-188 |
W |
W |
W |
W |
' |
W |
W |
W |
S |
- |
W |
Q |
Q |
A |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
W |
W |
- |
A |
W |
W |
'' |
W |
W |
W |
W |
S |
S |
- |
W |
Q |
- |
W |
- |
- |
W |
W |
Irenaeus of Lyons, Polycarp's disciple |
||||
Passion of the Scillitan Martyrs |
' |
180-202 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Passion of the Scillitan Martyrs |
||||
Maximus of Jerusalem |
5 |
185-196 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Maximus of Jerusalem |
||||
Polycrates of Ephesus (Quartodec.) |
' |
196 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Polycrates of Ephesus (Quartodec.) |
||||
Caius and the Muratorian Canon |
3 |
190-217 |
W |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
W |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Caius and the Muratorian Canon |
||||
Sabellian heresy (Praxeas, Noetus, Callistus) |
200-257- |
Sabellians believed the Father, Son, & Spirit were one person. This view allows that the Father suffered & died on the cross, hence they were also called Patripassians for 'passion of the Father'. |
Sabellian heresy (Praxeas, Noetus) |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Persecution of Septimus Severus |
202 |
Est. 2M Christians. Although a Christian helped him through a severe illness, he did not repeal existing laws against Christians. |
Persecution of Septimus Severus |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Passion of Perpetua and Felicitas |
7 |
c.201/205 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Passion of Perpetua and Felicitas |
||||
Romans kill first known martyrs in Britain |
209 |
Alban, Julius, and Aaron were formerly thought killed in 304/5 A.D. |
Romans kill 1st known martyrs in Britain |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Serapion of Antioch (against Marcion) |
1/3 |
200-210 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Serapion of Antioch (against Marcion) |
||||
Minucius Felix (The Octavius) |
25 |
210 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Minucius Felix (The Octavius) |
||||
Apollonius of Ephesus (against Montanists) |
1 |
c.210 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Apollonius of Ephesus (against Montanists) |
||||
Clement of Alexandria |
424 |
193-217/220 |
W |
- |
W |
Q |
W |
S |
W |
W |
W |
- |
W |
- |
W |
Q |
- |
- |
- |
- |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
- |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
- |
W |
W |
Q |
W |
W |
S |
W |
W |
Clement of Alexandria |
||||
Tertullian (joined Montanist Church) |
736 |
198-220 |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
- |
S |
A |
W |
Q |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
' |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
- |
W |
W |
- |
W |
- |
A |
W |
W |
Tertullian (joined Montanist church) |
||||
Tertullian's 5 Books Against Marcion |
194 |
207/208 |
W |
W |
W |
G |
G |
G |
W |
A |
- |
- |
W |
W |
A |
A |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
A |
W |
- |
W |
W |
W |
W |
- |
W |
W |
- |
W |
W |
W |
- |
W |
W |
W |
W |
- |
- |
W |
W |
Tertullian's 5 Books Against Marcion |
||||
Bardaisan/Bardesan of Syria |
11 ' |
-224/232 |
- |
W |
A |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Bardaisan/Bardesan of Syria |
||||
Asterius Urbanus (against Montanists) |
2 ' |
c.232 |
W |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Asterius Urbanus (against Montanists) |
||||
Elchasaite Ebionites (said Jesus God's Son) |
2 ' |
-236- |
I |
W |
I |
I |
I |
I |
I |
I |
I |
I |
I |
I |
I |
I |
I |
I |
I |
I |
I |
I |
I |
I |
I |
I |
I |
I |
I |
I |
I |
I |
I |
I |
I |
I |
I |
I |
I |
I |
I |
I |
I |
I |
Elchasaite Ebionites (said Jesus God's Son) |
||||
Justin's Book of Baruch-Moses, Heracles, Christ |
2.5 |
188-236 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Justin's Book of Baruch-Moses, Heracles, Christ |
||||
Naaseni Gnostics & their Gospel of Thomas |
3+6 |
188-236 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Naaseni Gnostics & their Gospel of Thomas |
||||
Hippolytus, pupil of Irenaeus (undisputed) |
218 |
222-235/6 |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
Q |
- |
- |
W |
- |
Q |
A |
A |
W |
- |
- |
- |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
- |
W |
W |
- |
Q |
- |
W |
- |
- |
W |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
W |
Hippolytus, pupil of Irenaeus (undisputed) |
||||
Maximin Thrax persecutes Christians |
235-238 |
First empire-wide persecution, but only of clergy. Persecution stopped when his soldiers assassinated him. |
Maximin Thrax persecutes Christians |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Theodotus the probable Montanist |
7 ' |
ca.240 |
- |
- |
W |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Q |
' |
- |
- |
' |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
W |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Theodotus the probable Montanist |
||||
Instructions of Commodianus |
16 |
c.240 |
W |
W |
A |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
A |
- |
- |
W |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Instructions of Commodianus |
||||
Julius Africanus (undisputed writings) |
9 |
232-245 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Julius Africanus (undisputed writings) |
||||
Heraclas of Alexandria 1st to be called pope |
232-240 |
No Roman bishop called a pope until the Council of Arles I in 314 A.D., Next was 347 A.D.. Siricius c.384-399 was the first Roman bishop to call himself a pope. |
Heraclas of Alexandria 1st to be called pope |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
"Revised Valentinian" Tripartite Tractate |
11 |
200-250 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
"Revised Valentinian" Tripartite Tractate |
||||
Alexander of Cappadocia (Clem. A'.s pupil) |
' |
233-251 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Alexander of Cappadocia (Clem. A'.s pupil) |
||||
Origen (heterodox teacher) |
742 |
225-254 |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
- |
W |
I |
W |
W |
W |
I |
A |
- |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
Q |
W |
- |
W |
S |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
Origen (heterodox teacher) |
||||
Severe persecution by Decius and Gallus |
250-251 - 253 |
First Christian schism. Were Christians who did sacrifice but repented doomed forever (Novatian's view), or allowed back into church after a long repentance (Orthodox view). |
Severe persecution by Decius and Gallus |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Novatian (his schism lasted over 200 years) |
38 ' |
250/254-257 |
W |
W |
W |
W |
- |
- |
W |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
' |
- |
- |
- |
- |
W |
- |
- |
- |
W |
- |
- |
A |
- |
- |
W |
W |
' |
- |
- |
- |
- |
W |
- |
- |
W |
- |
Novatian (his schism lasted over 200 years) |
||||
Treatise Against Novatian |
6 ' |
254-256 |
- |
W |
W |
Q |
- |
W |
W |
- |
- |
- |
A |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
W |
- |
- |
- |
W |
W |
- |
W |
W |
- |
- |
Q |
- |
- |
- |
G |
- |
- |
S |
- |
W |
- |
Treatise Against Novatian |
||||
Treatise on Rebaptism |
11 |
c.250-258 |
W |
W |
- |
- |
- |
W |
- |
- |
W |
- |
- |
- |
W |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Treatise on Rebaptism |
||||
Cyprian of Carthage (against Novatian) |
250+' |
c.246-258 |
W |
- |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
- |
W |
W |
W |
W |
- |
W |
- |
Q |
- |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
- |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
- |
- |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
Cyprian of Carthage (against Novatian) |
||||
Roman church leaders (ltr 2,29,30) |
1+4 ' |
250-251 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
' |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Roman church leaders (ltr 2,29,30) |
||||
Caldonius to Cyprian (letter 18) |
' |
250-251 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Caldonius to Cyprian (letter 18) |
||||
Celerinus to Lucian (letter 20) |
1 ' |
250-251 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Celerinus to Lucian (letter 20) |
||||
Lucian to Celerinus (letter 21) |
' |
250-251 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Lucian to Celerinus (letter 21) |
||||
Moyses, et al. to Cyprian (letter 25) |
2 ' |
250 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Moyses, et al. to Cyprian (letter 25) |
||||
Cornelius to Cyprian (letters 45,47) |
1 ' |
c.246-256 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Cornelius to Cyprian (letters 45,47) |
||||
Maximus, et al. to Cyprian (ltr 49) |
' |
c.246-256 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Maximus, et al. to Cyprian (ltr 49) |
||||
Firmilian of Caesarea to Cyprian (74) |
7 ' |
256 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
W |
Q |
S |
- |
Q |
Q |
- |
- |
W |
W |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Firmilian of Caesarea to Cyprian (74) |
||||
Nemesianus, et al. to Cyprian (77) |
' |
254-257 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Nemesianus, et al. to Cyprian (77) |
||||
Lucius and the brethren to Cyprian (78) |
' |
254-257 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Lucius and the brethren to Cyprian (78) |
||||
Felix & the rest of the martyrs to Cyprian (79) |
' |
254-257 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Felix & the rest of the martyrs to Cyprian (79) |
||||
Seventh Council of Carthage (85 bishops) |
7 ' |
258 |
- |
- |
' |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
' |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
W |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Seventh Council of Carthage (85 bishops) |
||||
Pontius' The Life and Passion of Cyprian |
7 ' |
After 258 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
W |
- |
- |
- |
- |
W |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Pontius' The Life and Passion of Cyprian |
||||
Valerian persecutes Christians |
|
257-260 |
2nd most severe persecution. Tolerant at first, but then Macrianus influenced him. Stopped when Persian Shapur I captured him. |
Valerian persecutes Christians |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Theognostus of Alexandria' (Origenist) |
' |
260 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Theognostus of Alexandria (Origenist) |
||||
Gregory Thaumaturgus (undisputed works) |
28 ' |
240-265 |
- |
- |
S |
W |
- |
- |
W |
A |
- |
- |
S |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
A |
- |
- |
W |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Gregory Thaumaturgus (undisput. works) |
||||
Dionysius of Alexandria (Origenist) |
39 ' |
246-265 |
- |
- |
Q |
A |
- |
- |
Q |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
A |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
S |
W |
Q |
Q |
- |
W |
- |
- |
A |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Dionysius of Alexandria (Origenist) |
||||
Dionysius of Rome (Against the Sabellians) |
1 |
259-269 |
W |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
W |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
A |
S |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Dionysius of Rome (Against the Sabellians) |
||||
Malchion Against Paul of Samosata |
2 ' |
270 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Malchion Against Paul of Samosata |
||||
Aurelian Persecution |
|
270 |
At first tolerant, Aurelian died soon after he decided to persecute Christians. |
Aurelian Persecution |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Paul of Samosata, deposed bishop of Antioch |
|
260-272 |
Greedy, Adoptionist Monarchian. i.e. the Logos sentered into Jesus at baptism. |
Paul of Samosata, deposed bishop of Antioch |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Pierius of Alexandria (fragment) |
' |
275 |
- |
- |
'- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Pierius of Alexandria (fragment) |
||||
Anatolius of Alexandria (mathematician) |
7 ' |
270-280 |
W |
W |
- |
W |
W |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Anatolius of Alexandria (mathematician) |
||||
Theonas of Alexandria (Letter to Lucianus) |
3 |
282-300 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Theonas of Alexandria (bishop for 18 years) |
||||
King Tiridates III of Armenia |
|
>287-300 |
At first persecuted Christians, then became one through Gregory the Illuminator |
King Tiridates III of Armenia |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Adamantius Dialog on the True Faith in God |
42 |
c.300 |
W |
W |
W |
W |
S |
S |
S |
- |
- |
- |
A |
- |
A |
A |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
W |
S |
- |
- |
W |
W |
- |
- |
W |
- |
W |
- |
S |
- |
W |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
S |
S |
Adamantius Dialog on the True Faith in God |
||||
Marcionite Megethius disputing Adamantius |
c.2 |
c.300 |
- |
X |
Q |
- |
S |
- |
- |
A |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
W |
Q |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
W |
W |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Marcionite Megethius disputing Adamantius |
||||
Marcionite Marcus disputing Adamantius |
c.2 |
c.300 |
- |
|
W |
' |
|
|
|
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
W |
- |
- |
- |
|
|
W |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Marcionite Marcus disputing Adamantius |
||||
Bardasene Marinus disputing Adamantius |
c.2 |
c.300 |
W |
|
W |
|
|
|
|
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
S |
- |
- |
- |
|
W |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Bardasene Marinus disputing Adamantius |
||||
Valentinian Doserius disputing Adamantius |
c.2 |
c.300 |
- |
W |
W |
|
|
|
|
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
|
|
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Valentinian Doserius disputing Adamantius |
||||
Alexander of Lycopolis Of the Manichaeans |
12 |
301 |
W |
- |
A |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Alexander of Lycopolis (ex-Manichaean) |
||||
Arnobius Against the Heathen '(undisputed) |
126 ' |
297-303 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Arnobius Against the Heathen '(undisputed) |
||||
Victorinus of Petau, Austria (OT commentator) |
18 ' |
martyred 304 |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
A |
Q |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
A |
- |
- |
- |
W |
W |
- |
A |
W |
W |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
S |
- |
- |
- |
- |
W |
- |
Victorinus of Petau, Austria (OT commentator) |
||||
Most severe persecution by Diocletian |
284, 303-305 |
Est. 5M Christians. Most severe Roman persecution of all. Leveled churches, destroyed scriptures. Killed many Christians for not sacrificing. |
Most severe persecution was by Diocletian |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Council of Elvira (21 undisputed canons) |
c.1 |
306/307 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Council of Elvira (21 undisputed canons) |
||||
Phileas of Thmuis/Tmai, Egyptian Delta |
2 ' |
beheaded 307 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Phileas of Thmuis/Tmai, Egyptian Delta |
||||
Pamphilus disciple of Pierius (Origenist) |
2 ' |
martyred 309 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Pamphilus disciple of Pierius (Origenist) |
||||
Peter of Alexandria (undisputed) |
8 ' |
306,285-311 |
- |
- |
Q |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
A |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
A |
- |
- |
S |
A |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Peter of Alexandria (against Origen & Meletius) |
||||
Hesychius [Egypt],Pachomius,Phileas,Theodorus |
1 |
Martyred m11 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Hesychius [Egypt],Pachomius,Phileas,Theodorus |
||||
Donatus Magnus (Donatists) in North Africa |
|
311-411-533 |
Refused to accept those who had ever surrendered their scriptures to authorities |
Donatus Magnus (Donatists) in North Africa |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Methodius (against Origen) |
79 ' |
260-311/12 |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
- |
W |
- |
- |
- |
S |
A |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
W |
W |
S |
A |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
- |
- |
- |
W |
S |
- |
W |
W |
- |
- |
- |
- |
W |
- |
Methodius (against Origen) |
||||
Council of Ancyra (about 12 bishops) |
3 1/3 |
314 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Council of Ancyra (about 12 bishops) |
||||
Council of Arles I, France. All celebrate Easter on the same day. Ex-communicated Donatists. First mention of a pope in Rome. |
0.33 |
Aug. 314 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Council of Arles I, France. All celebrate Easter on the same day. Ex-communicated Donatists. First mention of a pope in Rome. |
||||
Council of Neocaesarea (Basil and others) |
1 1/3 |
c.315 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Council of Neocaesarea (Basil and others) |
||||
Theophilus' Martyrdom of Habib the Deacon |
5 ' |
events c.315 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
S |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Martyrdom of Habib the Deacon by Theophilus |
||||
Athanasius Against the Heathen & Incarnation |
56 |
318 |
- |
W |
W |
- |
- |
W |
W |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
S |
- |
Q |
- |
S |
S |
- |
- |
W |
- |
' |
- |
- |
- |
- |
' |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Athanasius Against the Heathen & Incarnation |
||||
Licinius tyrannizes Christians east Rom. Empire |
315-323 |
Persecution because of politics, due to Christian support of his foe, Constantine. |
Licinius tyrannizes Christians east Rom. Empire |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lactantius, tutor of Constantine's son |
305.5 |
c.303-c.325 |
W |
- |
'
|
A |
- |
W |
W |
W |
- |
- |
W |
W |
W |
A |
Q |
- |
- |
Q |
- |
- |
W |
W |
- |
- |
W |
W |
- |
A |
W |
W |
W |
- |
W |
- |
- |
W |
- |
- |
- |
- |
W |
W |
Lactantius, tutor of Constantine's son |
||||
Alexander of Alexandria -Origenist, undisputed |
11.5 |
313-326 |
W |
W |
G |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
W |
G |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
S |
Alexander of Alexandria (Origenist, undisputed) |
||||
Christian writer totals: all symbols except P's |
4301.25 |
up to 325 |
21 |
19 |
29 |
21 |
13 |
18 |
19 |
12 |
6 |
1 |
12 |
7 |
15 |
10 |
4 |
5 |
1 |
2-1 |
3-1 |
14 |
25 |
22 |
12 |
9 |
29 |
23 |
4 |
19 |
17 |
9 |
14 |
11 |
10 |
0 |
9 |
14 |
5 |
10 |
5 |
4 |
15 |
13 |
Christian writer totals: all symbols except P's |
||||
Arian heresy spreads, starting in Alexandria |
|
c.318 |
Arians believed that Jesus was God, but not the same substance as the Father, and there was a time when Jesus was not. |
Arial heresy spreads, starting in Alexandria |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Constantine makes Christianity the official religion |
Fall-Winter 324 |
Non-violently closed pagan temples so that his subjects would attend churches instead. Except that he executed the priests at Apollos' temple in Dydima in Asia Minor because they had told Diocletian to persecute Christians. |
Constantine makes Christianity the official religion |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Council of Nicea (about 318 bishops present) condemns Arianism |
3 |
May-June 325 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Council of Nicea condemns Arianism |
||||
Juvencus (wrote a commentary: The Gospels) |
|
329 |
- |
- |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Juvencus (wrote a commentary: The Gospels) |
||||
Persian king Shapur II persecutes Christians |
315,325-381 |
Persian Christian double-taxed after Constantine became a Christian. Violent persecution after 325. In Mesopotamia alone 1,150 Christian killed. |
Persian king Shapur II persecutes Christians |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Persian Shapur II attack Christian Lakhmid Arabs |
325 |
In retaliation for prior raids into Persia, 60,000 soldiers kill everyone in al-Hera. |
Persian Shapur II attack Christian Lakhmid Arabs |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Eustathius of Antioch (against Origen) |
3 ' |
323-337 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Eustathius of Antioch (against Origen) |
||||
Eusebius of Caesarea (leader at Nicea) |
c.404 |
318-339/340 |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
I |
I |
I |
I |
I |
W |
I |
I |
I |
I |
I |
I |
Eusebius of Caesarea (present at Nicea) |
||||
Synod of Antioch in Encaeniis (97 bishops) |
3 ' |
341 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Synod of Antioch in Encaeniis |
||||
Mild Arian Creed of Antioch |
1 |
c.341-344 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Mild Arian Creed of Antioch |
||||
Council of Sardica |
5 |
343/344 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Council of Sardica |
||||
Aphrahat/Aphraates the Syrian Select Demonstrations |
67 ' |
337-345 |
- |
W |
A |
A |
S |
G |
W |
A |
A |
A |
A |
A |
A |
A |
- |
A |
- |
- |
W |
W |
W |
W |
Q |
- |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
- |
W |
S |
Q |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
W |
S |
Aphrahat/Aphraates the Syrian Select Demonstrations |
||||
The Macrostich Creed |
2 |
344/345 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
The Macrostich Creed |
||||
Formicus Maternus On the Error of Profane Religions |
|
348 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Formicus Maternus On the Error of Profane Religions |
||||
A Poem on the Passion of the Lord |
1 |
c.350 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
A Poem on the Passion of the Lord |
||||
Vaticanus manuscript [B] in Greek |
325-350 |
- |
- |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
Vaticanus manuscript (B) |
|||||
Sinaiticus manuscript [Aleph] in Greek |
340-350 |
- |
- |
W |
- |
W |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
W |
- |
W |
W |
W |
- |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
Sinaiticus manuscript |
|||||
Amon |
|
4th century |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Amon |
||||
Cyrillones, Syriac poet Six Hymns |
|
4th century |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cyrillones, Syriac poet Six Hymns |
||||
Faustus of Milevis/Milevum (Manichaean) |
|
4th century |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Faustus of Milevis/Milevum (Manichaean) |
||||
Hegemonius Acts of Archelaus |
52 ' |
4th century |
W |
W |
W |
A |
- |
W |
W |
- |
- |
- |
' |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
A |
Q |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Hegemonius Acts of Archelaus |
||||
Philo of Carpasia |
|
4th century |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Philo of Carpasia |
||||
1st Council of Sirmium (Greek creed) |
1 ' |
351 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
1st Council of Sirmium (Greek creed) |
||||
Julius 1, bishop of Rome |
|
352 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Julius 1, bishop of Rome |
||||
Ammonas (a founder of monasticism) |
|
340-348/53 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ammonas (a founder of monasticism) |
||||
Theodore of Heraclea |
|
355 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Theodore of Heraclea |
||||
Council of Arminium, Nicene/Arian compromise |
' |
355 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Council of Arminium, Nicene/Arian compromise |
||||
Synod of Seleucia in Isauria |
1/5 |
357/358 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Synod of Seleucia in Isauria |
||||
Eusebius of Emesa |
|
c.359 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Eusebius of Emesa |
||||
Potamius of Lisbon, Portugal |
|
c.350-360 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Potamius of Lisbon, Portugal |
||||
Jews forbidden to set foot in Jerusalem |
325-361 |
Constantine forbids Jews to be in Jerusalem. Julian later rescinds this law. |
Jews forbidden to set foot in Jerusalem |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Arian Roman Emperor Constantius |
337-353-361 |
Orthodox bishops were banished, and Athanasius had to go into hiding. |
Arian Roman Emperor Constantius |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Arian Creed of Nica in Thrace |
' |
356-361 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Arian Creed of Nica (in Theodoret's History) |
||||
Serapion of Thmuis |
|
362 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Serapion of Thmuis |
||||
Life of Antony (possibly by Athanasius) |
|
356-362 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Q |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
A |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
W |
S |
W |
W |
- |
A |
- |
- |
W |
W |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Q |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Life of Antony (possibly by Athanasius) |
||||
Arian Candidus' Two Letters to Marius |
c.4 |
359-362 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
W |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Arian Candidus' Two Letters to Marius |
||||
Marius's Reply to Candidus |
c.8 |
359-362 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Marius's Reply to Candidus |
||||
Nemesius of Emesa |
|
late 4th century |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Nemesius of Emesa |
||||
Christians killed in Alexandria and Gaza |
361-363 |
Emperor Julian the Apostate reigns for 18 months and shows some toleration, yet permits pagans to persecute Christians. |
Christians killed in Alexandria and Gaza |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Arian Acacius of Caesarea (liked Eusebius of Caesarea, against Cyril of Jerusalem) |
|
366 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Arian Acacius of Caesarea (liked Eusebius of Caesarea, against Cyril of Jerusalem) |
||||
Prohaeresius |
|
367 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Prohaeresius |
||||
Hilary of Poitiers (taught Martin of Tours) |
230 |
355-367/368 |
W |
W |
W |
W |
- |
- |
W |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
W |
W |
- |
- |
W |
W |
- |
W |
W |
- |
W |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
G |
Hilary of Poitiers (taught Martin of Tours) |
||||
Theodore of Tabennesi |
|
died 368 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Theodore of Tabennesi |
||||
Synopsis Scripturae Sacrae |
|
350-370 |
W |
- |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
E |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
Synopsis Scripturae Sacrae |
||||
Arian Roman Valens kills Christians in east |
370 |
Valens is finally killed in battle by the Goths, who had converted to Arianism, but never gained his favor |
Arian Roman Valens kills Christians in east |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Eusebius of Vercelli |
|
d.370/371 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Eusebius of Vercelli |
||||
Athanasius of Alexandria (partial) |
424 |
367, 325-373 |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
E |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
I |
I |
I |
I |
I |
I |
I |
I |
I |
I |
I |
I |
Athanasius of Alexandria (partial) |
||||
Marcellus of Ancyra (Mt, etc.) |
|
c.374 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Marcellus of Ancyra (Mt, etc.) |
||||
Optatus of Milevis (converted by Augustine) |
|
364-375 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Optatus of Milevis (converted by Augustine) |
||||
Athanaric persecutes Orthodox Visigoths |
369-376 |
Athanaric first persecuted all Orthodox Christians and Arians, but after converting to Arianism persecuted only Orthodox Christians. |
Athanaric persecutes Orthodox Visigoths |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Titus of Bostra |
|
before 378 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Titus of Bostra |
||||
Ephraim/Ephrem, Syrian hymn-writer (partial) |
162 |
350-378 |
I |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
- |
- |
- |
W |
W |
W |
Q |
- |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
- |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
A |
W |
Ephraem, Syrian hymn-writer, commentator |
||||
Felix II replaces banished Roman bishop Liberius |
354-365 |
Liberius banished by Constantius II for refusing to condemn Athanasius. |
Felix II replaces banished Roman bishop Liberius |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Fighting: Damasus I vs. Ursinus as Roman bishop |
366-378 |
Emperor sends in troops to stop the fighting. 137 of Ursinus' followers killed. |
Fighting: Damasus I vs. Ursinus as Roman bishop |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Macedonius, Pneumatomachian bishop of Constantinople |
|
342-379 |
Expelled and tortured Novatianist and Orthodox Christians in Greece and the Balkans. Digs up the corpse of Constantine I. |
Macedonius, Pneumatomachian bishop of Constantinople |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Macrina, younger sister of Basil/Greg. Nyssa |
|
c.327-379 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Macrina, younger sister of Basil/Greg. Nyssa |
||||
Basil of Cappadocia (Origenist) (partial) |
326 |
357-378/379 |
W |
W |
G |
S |
W |
S |
S |
W |
- |
- |
S |
- |
A |
A |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
W |
W |
W |
W |
' |
W |
W |
A |
W |
W |
- |
A |
S |
S |
- |
W |
' |
A |
A |
- |
S |
W |
G |
Basil of Cappadocia (unafraid of Arian Emperor) |
||||
Zeno of Verona (Jn, etc.) |
|
362-380 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Zeno of Verona (Jn, etc.) |
||||
Sapor II persecutes Christians in Persia |
380 |
Heliodorus, Dosa, Ia, and 8K-9K others killed |
Sapor II persecutes Christians |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Apostolic Constitutions (based on the Didache) |
|
c.380 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Apostolic Constitutions (based on the Didache) |
||||
Orsiesius/Orsisius of Tabenna |
|
c.380 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Orsiesius/Orsisius of Tabenna |
||||
Faustinus of Rome, Luciferian, On the Trinity |
|
ca.380 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Faustinus of Rome, Luciferian, On the Trinity |
||||
Filastrius Against All Heresies |
|
Ca.380 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Filastrius Against All Heresies |
||||
Synod of Laodicea (in Phrygia) |
4 ' |
343-381 |
W |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
W |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Synod of Laodicea (in Phrygia) |
||||
Council of Gangra (vs. Eustastius of Sabaste) |
1 1/3 |
345-381 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Council of Gangra (vs. Eustastius of Sabaste) |
||||
Meletius of Antioch (taught Diodore) |
|
381 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Meletius of Antioch (taught Diodore) |
||||
1st Council of Constantinople -150 bishops |
3 ' |
381-382 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
1st Council of Constantinople -150 bishops |
||||
Council of Rome under Damasus I |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Council of Rome under Damasus I |
||||
Eunomius of Cyzicus -extreme Arian |
c.8 |
c.360-c.383 |
- |
W |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
S |
S |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Eunomius of Cyzicus -extreme Arian |
||||
Bachiarius Libellis de Fide |
|
ca.383 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Bachiarius Libellis de Fide |
||||
Ambrosiaster |
|
c.384 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ambrosiaster |
||||
Jacob of Nisibis |
|
305-385 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Jacob of Nisibis |
||||
Gregory of Elvira, Spain |
|
359-385 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Gregory of Elvira, Spain |
||||
Macedonian and Priscillian heresies |
|
c.383, 385 |
Macedonian denied H.S. a being. Priscillian denied Jesus God, killed 385 A.D. |
Macedonian and Priscillian heresies |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Cyril of Jerusalem (cross over Jerusalem) |
154 |
c.349-386 |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
- |
W |
I |
W |
I |
- |
W |
- |
Q |
- |
W |
W |
G |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
- |
W |
W |
S |
S |
W |
W |
W |
W |
Cyril of Jerusalem (fed poor from church funds) |
||||
Ambrose of Milan (Against Arianism) |
446 ' |
370-390 |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
Q |
Q |
W |
W |
- |
- |
W |
- |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
- |
W |
S |
W |
Q |
W |
Q |
Q |
- |
- |
- |
W |
A |
Ambrose of Milan (Against Arianism) |
||||
The Donatist Tyconius |
|
After 390 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The Donatist Tyconius |
||||
Gregory of Nazianzen (leader at Constantinople) |
275 |
330-391 |
W |
W |
A |
A |
A |
A |
A |
W |
W |
- |
W |
A |
A |
A |
- |
A |
- |
- |
- |
W |
W |
W |
W |
A |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
- |
W |
W |
W |
- |
W |
W |
W |
W |
- |
W |
W |
W |
Gregory of Nazianzen (leader at Constantinople) |
||||
Pacian of Barcelona |
c.23 |
342-379/392 |
- |
- |
- |
W |
- |
- |
W |
A |
Q |
- |
Q |
A |
- |
- |
- |
- |
A |
- |
W |
W |
W |
- |
- |
W |
W |
W |
- |
W |
W |
- |
- |
W |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Pacian of Barcelona |
||||
Amphilochius Iambi ad Seleucum |
|
-394 |
|
|
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
- |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
|
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
Amphilochius Iambi ad Seleucum |
||||
Council of Constantinople under Nectarius |
1 |
394 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Council of Constantinople under Nectarius |
||||
Gregory of Nyssa (Origenist) |
495 |
c.356-397 |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
G |
W |
A |
A |
- |
' |
A |
A |
A |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
- |
A |
W |
S |
- |
A |
- |
- |
Q |
- |
- |
W |
- |
Gregory of Nyssa (Origenist) |
||||
Didymus the Blind (Origenist) |
|
398 A.D. |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
- |
W |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
W |
W |
W |
- |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
- |
W |
W |
W |
- |
- |
- |
W |
W |
- |
W |
- |
W |
- |
Didymus the Blind (Origenist) |
||||
Luciferian schism (Lucifer of Cagliari, Sardinia) |
|
361-c.399 |
Orthodox beliefs, except would never accept back repentant Arian/Semi-Arian clergy |
Luciferian schism (Lucifer of Cagliari, Sardinia) |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Firmicus Maternus |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Q |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Firmicus Maternus |
||||
Syriac Book of Steps (Liber Graduum) |
c.189 |
350-400 |
W |
W |
|
|
S |
S |
S |
- |
- |
- |
W |
- |
|
|
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
W |
W |
|
- |
- |
W |
W |
S |
|
- |
- |
W |
A |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
S |
- |
W |
Syriac Book of Steps (Liber Graduum) |
||||
Rufinus, translator in trouble |
469 |
374-406 |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
- |
A |
- |
A |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
W |
W |
- |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
- |
- |
W |
- |
- |
- |
W |
- |
- |
- |
W |
W |
Q |
Rufinus, translator in trouble |
||||
Rufinus' Commentary on the Apostles' Creed |
21 |
374-406 |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
- |
W |
W |
W |
I |
I |
I |
I |
I |
I |
I |
I |
I |
I |
I |
I |
Rufinus' Commentary on the Apostles' Creed |
||||
Macedonian and Priscillian Heresies |
|
c.383, 385 |
Macedonians denied person of the Holy Spirit. Priscillian denied divinity of Christ & was executed in 385 A.D.. Christians protested, but Augustine approved. In 392 laws passed against paganism. |
Macedonian and Priscillian Heresies |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Damasus I of Rome (against Nica Creed) |
2 |
c.386-389 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Damasus I of Rome (in Theodoret's History) |
||||
Council of Constantinople, under Nectarius |
1 |
394 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Council of Constantinople under Nectarius |
||||
Manichaean Faustus of Milevis |
|
383-400 |
W |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
W |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Manichaean Faustus of Milevis |
||||
Epiphanius of Salamis (wrote on 80 heresies) |
|
360-403 |
W |
W |
I |
I |
I |
I |
I |
W |
W |
W |
I |
I |
I |
I |
I |
I |
I |
I |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
I |
I |
I |
I |
I |
I |
I |
I |
I |
I |
I |
I |
Epiphanius of Salamis (ex-Jew) |
||||
Gaudentius of Brescia |
|
After 406 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Gaudentius of Brescia |
||||
John Chrysostom (partial) |
~3000 |
-407 |
W |
W |
W |
W |
S |
G |
W |
W |
A |
- |
Q |
G |
S |
Q |
- |
W |
Q |
Q |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
Q |
W |
W |
- |
W |
W |
|
W |
W |
W |
- |
S |
W |
- |
W |
- |
' |
W |
W |
John Chrysostom (partial) |
||||
Chromatius |
|
407 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Chromatius |
||||
Asterius of Amasea |
|
c.410 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Asterius of Amasea |
||||
Niceta of Remesianus |
c.63 |
366-c.415 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Niceta of Remesianus |
||||
Orosius/Hosius of Braga |
c.20 |
414-418 |
- |
- |
A |
A |
A |
A |
- |
- |
- |
- |
A |
A |
A |
- |
A |
- |
- |
- |
- |
W |
W |
- |
- |
- |
W |
- |
S |
- |
W |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
W |
- |
Orosius/Hosius of Braga |
||||
Council of Carthage (218 bishops) |
39 |
393-419 |
- |
- |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
- |
W |
W |
W |
I |
I |
I |
I |
I |
I |
I |
I |
I |
I |
I |
I |
Council of Carthage (218 bishops) |
||||
Sulpicius/Sulpitius Severus (pupil of Martin) |
116 ' |
363-420 |
- |
W |
W |
W |
W |
- |
- |
A |
W |
- |
W |
W |
W |
- |
W |
- |
W |
W |
W |
- |
W |
- |
- |
- |
W |
W |
- |
W |
W |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
W |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Sulpicius/Sulpitius Severus (pupil of Martin) |
||||
Jerome (pupil of Gregory Nazianzen) (partial) |
~500 |
373-420 |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
I |
W |
W |
I |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
Jerome (pupil of Gregory Nazianzen) (partial) |
||||
Sozomen's Ecclesiastical History |
89 |
370/380-425 |
- |
W |
A |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
A |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
W |
- |
Sozomen's Ecclesiastical History |
||||
Theodore of Mopsuestia (Pelagian heretic) |
c.94 |
392-423/429 |
W |
W |
G |
Q |
G |
A |
A |
- |
- |
- |
W |
- |
Q |
Q |
- |
A |
- |
- |
- |
W/X |
W |
- |
A |
W/X |
W |
W |
X |
W |
- |
- |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
Theodore of Mopsuestia (Pelagian) |
||||
Augustine of Hippo (pupil of Ambrose) |
~4500 |
388-8/28/430 |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
' |
W |
W |
G |
- |
A |
W |
A |
A |
W |
A |
- |
- |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
Augustine of Hippo (pupil of Ambrose) |
||||
Synesius of Ptolemais (Cyrene) |
|
397-430 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Synesius of Ptolemais (Cyrene) |
||||
John Cassian (Semi-Pelagian) |
422 ' |
419-430 |
W |
W |
W |
W |
S |
S |
W |
W |
W |
- |
I |
I |
W |
W |
- |
W |
- |
- |
A |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
Q |
W |
W |
- |
W |
W |
W |
- |
S |
W |
S |
W |
W |
W |
W |
G |
John Cassian (Semi-Pelagian) |
||||
Nilus |
|
c.430 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Nilus |
||||
Marcus of Eremita |
|
After 430 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Marcus of Eremita |
||||
Council of Ephesus vs. Nestorians (200 bish.) |
20 |
Jun-Sep 431 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Council of Ephesus vs. Nestorians (200b) |
||||
Vincent of Lerins |
26 |
c.434 |
W |
W |
A |
A |
- |
- |
W |
- |
- |
- |
G |
g |
g |
g |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
W |
W |
Q |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Vincent of Lerins |
||||
Isidore of Pelusium (2,000 extant letters) |
|
c.435 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Isidore of Pelusium (2,000 extant letters) |
||||
Acacius of Melitene |
|
c.438 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Acacius of Melitene |
||||
Socrates' Ecclesiastical History |
178 |
~400-439 |
W |
W |
W |
A |
- |
A |
|
- |
- |
- |
A |
- |
- |
' |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
W |
- |
W |
- |
Q |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
S |
Socrates' Ecclesiastical History |
||||
Peter Chrysologus of Ravenna, Italy (vol.3 only) |
179 |
c.443-c.450 |
|
W |
W |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
W |
W |
S |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Peter Chrysologus of Ravenna, Italy (vol.3 only) |
||||
Cyril of Alexandria |
|
444 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cyril of Alexandria |
||||
Persians fight Armenians and Georgians |
|
449 |
Armenians and Georgians revolt after Yazdirg II tries to impose Zoroastrianism. |
Persians fight Armenians and Georgians |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Freer Gospels ms. (Washingtonensis) [W] |
|
300-450 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
W |
W |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
W |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Freer Gospels (Washingtonensis) (W) |
||||
Ephraemi Rescriptus manuscript [C] |
|
375 or400-450 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
W |
- |
W |
W |
W |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Ephraemi Rescriptus [C] |
||||
Nestorius' Bazaar of Heracleides |
c.128 |
451/452 |
- |
- |
' |
S |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Nestorius' Bazaar of Heracleides |
||||
Quodvultdeus |
|
c.453 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Quodvultdeus |
||||
Julian of Eclanum |
|
c.454 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Julian of Eclanum |
||||
Theodoret of Cyrus (bishop & historian) |
320 |
423-458 |
W |
W |
G |
W |
W |
G |
S |
' |
A |
- |
W |
- |
' |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
W |
W |
W |
- |
W |
W |
W |
Q |
W |
W |
- |
S |
' |
W |
- |
W |
W |
- |
S |
- |
- |
W |
S |
Theodoret of Cyrus (bishop & historian) |
||||
Many Christians killed in Persia, Armenia |
|
420-460 |
Christian bishop Abdas burned a Zoroastrian temple. Persian Emperor demanded he rebuild it with his own money and he refused. So the Persian Emperor burned down the Christian churches. |
Many Christians killed in Persia, Armenia |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Patrick of Ireland (English missionary to Irish) |
15 |
420-461 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Patrick of Ireland (English missionary to Irish) |
||||
Prosper of Aquitaine (foe of Cassian) 'partial |
c.12 |
426-465 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
S |
S |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Prosper of Aquitaine (foe of Cassian) - partial |
||||
Pope Leo I of Rome (turned back Attila) |
204 |
440-461 |
W |
W |
G |
W |
G |
Q |
W |
- |
- |
- |
A |
- |
A |
- |
- |
- |
A |
- |
- |
W |
W |
W |
A |
- |
A |
A |
- |
- |
- |
- |
W |
W |
A |
- |
- |
G |
- |
S |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Pope Leo I of Rome (against Monophysites) |
||||
Alexandrinus (A) (Mt 25:7-Rev with gaps) |
c.450 |
- |
- |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
Alexandrinus manuscript (A) |
|||||
Council of Chalcedon vs. Monophysites |
18 |
451 |
W |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
W |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Council of Chalcedon vs. Monophysites |
||||
Oecumenius of Isauria |
|
5th century |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Oecumenius of Isauria |
||||
Sharahb'il Yakuf kills Ethiopian Christians |
|
c.472 |
Christian missionary Azqir among those killed. |
Sharahb'il Yakuf kills Ethiopian Christians |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Varimadum |
|
445/480 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Varimadum |
||||
What has been called the Athanasian Creed |
1 |
447/484 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
What has been called the Athanasian Creed |
||||
Vigilius |
|
484 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Vigilius |
||||
Arians persecute Christians in Algeria |
|
484 |
Arian Visigoth Hunneric persecutes Orthodox Christians in Tipasa, Algeria. |
Arians persecute Christians in Algeria |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Gennadius/Jerome Lives of Illustrious Men |
40 |
480-495 |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
W |
W |
- |
W |
W |
W |
W |
- |
W |
W |
- |
W |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
- |
Gennadius/Jerome Lives of Illustrious Men |
||||
Jacob of Serug/Sarug (partial) |
9 |
519-521 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
A |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Jacob of Serug/Sarug (partial) |
||||
Arians persecute Christians in North Africa |
|
499-523 |
Arian Visigoth King Thrasimund persecutes Orthodox in Carthage and North Africa until his death. |
Arians persecute Christians in North Africa |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Dhu Nuwas persecutes Christians in Yemen |
|
523-524 |
Jewish Yemeni king Yusuf As'ar Dhu Nuwas persecuted Christians in Yemen and Najran because the Byzantines were persecuting Jews. |
Dhu Nuwas persecutes Christians in Yemen |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Benedict of Nursia Rule of St. Benedict |
|
ca.480-540 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Benedict of Nursia Rule of St. Benedict |
||||
Caesarius of Arles |
|
469/470-542 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Caesarius of Arles |
||||
Council of Constantinople II (c.153 present) condemns Nestorius, Origen & admirers |
13 |
553 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
W |
W |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
W |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
W |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Council of Constantinople II (c.153 present) condemns Nestorius, Origen & admirers |
||||
M. Aurelius Cassiodorus |
|
-560 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Aurelius Cassiodorus |
||||
Gildas |
|
c.570 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Gildas |
||||
Byzantines persecute Egyptian Copts |
|
527-568, 572 |
Copts are Monophysites. Monophysites taught Jesus' humanity and divinity are combined in one nature like a teaspoon of tea in the ocean. |
Byzantines persecute Egyptian Copts |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Evagrius Scholasticus, church historian |
|
593 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Evagrius Scholasticus, church historian |
||||
Gregory of Rome, Doctor of the Church (partial) |
239 ' |
590-605 A.D. |
W |
W |
G |
W |
W |
W |
W |
Q |
- |
Q |
G |
Q |
Q |
Q |
- |
Q |
- |
- |
- |
W |
W |
W |
W |
Q |
W |
W |
S |
W |
A |
|
S |
W |
S |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Q |
W |
Q |
S |
W |
Gregory of Rome, Doctor of the Church (partial) |
||||
Venantius' Poem on Easter |
1 ' |
Lived 530-609 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Venantius' Poem on Easter |
||||
John of Damascus |
100' |
706-749 |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
- |
W |
W |
W |
W |
I |
I |
I |
I |
I |
I |
I |
I |
I |
I |
I |
|
||||
Judaism |
|
c.400 B.C.- |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
Judaism |
||||
Waldenses, Scholastics, Mystics, Wycliffe, Medieval Catholic and Orthodox churches |
- |
c.1000-1526 |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
Waldenses, Scholastics, Mystics, Wycliffe, Medieval Catholic and Orthodox churches |
||||
Ulrich Zwingli, Swiss Reformer |
|
1454-1531 |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
Ulrich Zwingli, Swiss Reformer |
||||
Martin Luther (founder of Lutheranism) |
|
1483-1546 |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
Martin Luther (founder of Lutheranism) |
||||
Mormonism (Latter Day Saints) Salt Lake |
|
1830- |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
Mormonism (Latter Day Saints) Salt Lake |
||||
Jehovah's Witnesses (Watchtower) |
|
|
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
Jehovah's Witnesses (Watchtower) |
||||
Liberal Protestant, Episcopalian |
|
19th century |
P |
P |
P |
P |
P |
P |
P |
P |
P |
P |
P |
P |
P |
P |
P |
P |
P |
P |
P |
P |
P |
P |
P |
P |
P |
P |
P |
P |
P |
P |
P |
P |
P |
P' |
P |
P |
P |
P |
P |
P |
P |
P |
Liberal Protestant, Episcopalian |
||||
Rev. Moon's Divine Principle (Unification Church) |
|
|
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
Rev. Moon's Divine Principle (Unification Church) |
||||
Hussites, Conservative Protestant, Catholic, Anglican, Orthodox, Coptic churches |
- |
c.1000- |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
Conservative Protestant, Catholic, Anglican, Orthodox, Coptic |
||||
Christian writer, heretic, or Bible manuscript |
pages |
Date A.D. |
OT |
Law |
Gn |
Ex |
Lv |
Nm |
Dt |
Josh |
Jdg |
Ru |
1Sam |
2Sam |
1Ki |
2Ki |
1Chr |
2Chr |
Ezr |
Neh |
Esth |
Job |
Ps |
Pr |
Ec |
SofS |
Isa |
Jer |
Lam |
Eze |
Dan |
12 |
Hos |
Joel |
Am |
Ob |
Jon |
Mic |
Nah |
Hab |
Zeph |
Hag |
Zech |
Mal |
Writer |
||||
www.Biblequery.org/Bible/BibleCanon/EarlyChristianOTGrid.html. References at www.Biblequery.org/Bible/bibleCanon/EarlyChristianOTGridReferences.html
X* means the Lamentations was not mentioned, but was sometimes included with Jeremiah. Nehemiah was not mentioned was sometimes included with Esther.
Note that the Ebionites undoubtedly accepted all of the Old Testament, but the chart above only reflects the references to Old Testament books in the writings we have.
So how accurate does the previous chart reflect what each writer believed was scripture? We can do two validation tests.
First, we can compare one of Tertullian's works, Five Books Against Marcion (194 pages) with the rest of his preserved works (741) pages.' Counting an allusion as 15%, a quote as 25%, a reference to the apostles, etc. as 50% and a reference to Christ, God, Savior 75%, Five Books Against Marcion only picked up 6 books, verses 21.9 books in the rest of Tertullian.
Second, we can compare Rufinus' 469 pages, with a 21-page commentary where he spells out clearly what He believes Scripture is (identical to the Protestant and Jews Old Testament today with apocryphal books being merely 'ecclesiastical'). The 469 pages only picked up 19.55 books out of 39 we know for certain that he accepted. Curiously, his list did not include Lamentations, though he quoted from 'the Lamentations of Jeremiah'. So in his list he apparently included Lamentations with Jeremiah.
The second example shows that we will be more accurate to count any allusion or higher as showing they accepted the book as scripture. If we recomputed the numbers, we get:
Work |
original method |
Ratio |
new method |
Ratio |
Tertullian's Five Books against Marcion |
6 |
|
6 |
|
Rest of Tertullian |
21.9 |
27% |
25 |
24% |
Rufinus' Works |
19.55 |
|
22 |
|
Rufinus Listing for us the Old Test. Canon |
39 |
50% |
39 |
56% |
So while the preceding chart is accurately for showing some of what they accepted as scripture, it underestimates all the Old Testament books they accepted as scripture.
by Steven M. Morrison, PhD.