| Methodology for Cataloging New Testament
Quotes by early Christians up to to 325 A.D. |
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| Sorting note: You can take the
Excel spreadsheet, and sort it by the Index, and it will give you the
breakdowns by each book. |
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| 1. What time period does this cover?
These cover the first known extra-Biblical writer, Clement of Rome (writiing
96 or 98 A.D.) to just past the First Council of Nicea, with Alexander of
Alexandria (313-326 A.D.) |
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| 2.
Which authors are included? |
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| I
included all early church writings (including Tertullian and Novatian, and
Tatian's Diatessaron, up to
326 A.D. I did not Tatian's other writing, Gnostics, Ebionites, or
Bardasenes. |
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| Here
is what I included in chronological order. |
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| Clement
of Rome |
|
96 or 98 A.D. |
|
Origen (heterodox teacher) |
|
225-253/254 A.D. |
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| Papias
of Hierapolis, disciple of John |
|
95-110 A.D. |
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Novatian (his schism lasted over
200 years) |
|
250/254-257 A.D. |
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| Presbyters
(Papias?) |
|
-95-117 A.D. |
|
Treatise Against Novatian |
|
254-256 A.D. |
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| Ignatius,
disciple of John. (shorter Greek version) |
c.100-117 A.D. |
|
Treatise on Rebaptism |
|
c.250-258 A.D. |
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| The Didache (= Teaching of the
Twelve Apostles) |
before 125 A.D. |
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Cyprian of Carthage
(against Novatian) |
|
c.246-258 A.D. |
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| Apology of Aristides (Greek
version) |
|
125 or 138-161 A.D. |
No New Testament quotes |
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Roman church leaders
(letters 2,29,30) |
|
250-251 A.D. |
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| Quadratus
of Athens fragment (apologist) |
|
126 A.D. |
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Lucian et al. (letters
16, 21) |
|
250-251 A.D. |
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| Letter to Diognesus (=Mathetes to Diognetes) |
c.130 A.D. |
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Caldonius to Cyprian
(letter 18) |
|
250-251 A.D. |
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| Epistle
of Barnabas |
|
100-150 A.D. |
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Celerinus to Lucian
(letter 20) |
|
250-251 A.D. |
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| 2 Clement (anonymous writer) |
|
c.150 A.D. |
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Moyses, et al. to Cyprian
(letter 25) |
|
250 A.D. |
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| Polycarp's
Epistle to the Philippians |
|
100-155 A.D. |
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Cornelius to Cyprian
(letters 45,47) |
|
c246-256 A.D. |
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| The
Shepherd of Hermas |
|
c.160 A.D. |
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Maximus, et al. to
Cyprian (letter 49) |
|
c246-256 A.D. |
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| Justin
Martyr, philosopher and apologist |
|
c.138-165 A.D. |
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Firmilian of Caesarea to
Cyprian (letter74) |
|
256 A.D. |
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| Everestus'
Martyrdom of Polycarp |
|
c.169 A.D. |
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Nemesianus, et al. to
Cyprian (letter77) |
|
254-257 A.D. |
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| Dionysius
of Corinth (wrote against Marcion) |
170 A.D. |
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Lucius and the brethren
to Cyprian (letter78) |
254-257 A.D. |
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| Tatian's
Diatessaron |
|
died 172 A.D. |
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Felix & the rest of
the martyrs to Cyprian (79) |
254-257 A.D. |
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| Christians
of Vienna and Lugdunum (Lyons) |
177 A.D. |
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Seventh Council of
Carthage (85 bishops) |
|
258 A.D. |
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| Athenagoras
(apologist) |
|
177 A.D. |
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Pontius’ The Life and Passion of Cyprian |
|
258 A.D. |
|
No New Testament quotes |
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| Melito/Meleto
of Sardis (Quartodecimian) |
|
170-177 A.D. |
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Theognostus of Alexandria
(Origenist) |
|
260 A.D. |
|
No New Testament quotes |
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| Claudius
Apollinaris of Hierapolis |
|
160-177/180 A.D. |
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Gregory Thaumaturgus
(undisputed works) |
|
240-265 A.D. |
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| Hegesippus
(chronicler) |
|
170-180 A.D. |
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Dionysius of Alexandria
(Origenist) |
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246-265 A.D. |
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| Rhodon
(against Marcion and Apelles) |
|
180 A.D. |
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Dionysius of Rome (Against the Sabellians) |
259-269 A.D. |
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| Theophilus
of Caesarea |
|
180 A.D. |
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Malchion (Against Paul of Samosata) |
|
270 A.D. |
|
No New Testament quotes |
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| Theophilus
of Antioch (to Autolycus) |
|
168-181/188 A.D. |
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Pierius of Alexandria
(fragment) |
|
275 A.D. |
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| Irenaeus
of Lyons, disciple of Polycarp |
|
c.160-202 A.D. |
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Anatolius of Alexandria
(mathematician) |
|
270-280 A.D. |
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| Maximus
of Jerusalem (wrote on origin of evil) |
185-196 A.D. |
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Theonas of Alexandria (Letter to Lucianus) |
|
282-300 A.D. |
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| Polycrates
of Ephesus (Quartodecimian) |
|
196 A.D. |
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Adamantius Dialog on the True Faith in God |
c.300 A.D. |
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| Passion
of the Scillitan Martyrs -died 180 A.D. |
180-202 A.D. |
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Alexander of Lycopolis Of the Manichaeans |
301 A.D. |
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No New Testament quotes |
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| Caius
and the Muratorian Canon |
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190-217 A.D. |
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Arnobius Against the
Heathen (undisputed) |
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297-303 A.D. |
No New Testament quotes |
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| Passion
of Perpetua and Felicitas |
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c.201/205 A.D. |
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Victorinus of Petau,
Austria -commentator |
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martyred 304 A.D. |
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| Epitaph
of Abercius of Hieropolis in Phrygia Salutaris |
190-210 A.D. |
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Council of Elvira (21
undisputed canons) |
|
306/307 A.D. |
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| Serapion
of Antioch (against Marcion) |
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191/200-210 A.D. |
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Phileas of Thmuis/Tmai,
Egyptian Delta |
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beheaded 307 A.D. |
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| Minucius
Felix (The Octavius) |
|
210 A.D. |
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Pamphilus disciple of
Pierius (Origenist) |
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martyred 309 A.D. |
No New Testament quotes |
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| Apollonius
of Ephesus (against Montanists) |
|
c.210 A.D. |
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Creed of Lucian of
Antioch |
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c.300-311 A.D. |
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| Clement
of Alexandria |
|
193-217/220 A.D. |
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Peter of Alexandria
(undisputed) |
|
306,285-311 A.D. |
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| Tertullian (joined the Montanist Church) |
|
198-220 A.D. |
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Methodius (corrected
Origen’s followers) |
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270-311/312 A.D. |
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| Asterius Urbanus (against Montanists) |
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c.232 A.D. |
|
No New Testament quotes |
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Council of Ancyra (about
12 bishops) |
|
314 A.D. |
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| Hippolytus, pupil of Irenaeus (undisputed) |
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222-235/236 A.D. |
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Council of Arles,
southern France |
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314 A.D. |
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No New Testament quotes |
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| Narrative of Zosimus |
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before 240 A.D. |
No New Testament quotes |
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Council of Neocaesarea
(Basil and others) |
|
c.315 A.D. |
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| Instructions of Commodianus |
|
c.240 A.D. |
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Martyrdom of Habib the
Deacon by Theophilus |
events c.315 A.D. |
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| Julius Africanus (undisputed writings) |
|
232-245 A.D. |
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Athanasius Against the Heathen & Incarnation |
c.318 A.D. |
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| Martyrdom of the Holy Martyrs |
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before 250 A.D. |
No New Testament quotes |
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Lactantius |
|
c.303-320/325 A.D. |
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| Acts
of Xanthippe, Polyxena, and Rebecca |
|
perhaps mid 3rd century |
No New Testament quotes |
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Alexander of Alexandria |
|
313-326 A.D.0 |
No New Testament quotes |
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| Alexander of Cappadocia (Clem. A’.s pupil) |
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233-251 A.D. |
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No New Testament quotes |
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Eusebius of Caesarea |
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318-325 A.D. |
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| 3. Why do I count fractions of verses? The early writers felt no compulsion to start and stop quotes
at particular verses as we number them. Verses were not numbered until the
thirteenth century, so you have to count fractions of verses to be more
precise. |
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| 4.
How do I count fractions of verses? |
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| Here
is an example: let’s say a writer quoted a middle 1/4 of a verse, or even if
four or five writers quoted the same middle 1/4 of a verse. |
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| So
to keep track of partial verses, after a quote I put “(full quote)”, or for
example 4:15a (1/4 quote) if they quoted the first 1/4 quote of 4:15, or
4:15f (1/5 quote) if they quoted that last 4/5 of the verse. |
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| However,
in cases where one or more writers already covered the entire verse,
additional writers will not change the percentage quoted at all. |
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| So
in some cases, especially in the gospels, I just put the very without
differentiating how much they quoted. I could go back to do that later, but I
put it at low priority since the verse was already covered. |
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| 5.
How do I count the middle of verses? |
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| Another
issue is that saying the covered the middle 1/4 of a verse, such as 4:15m
(1/4 quote), is not sufficient precision when combined with other quotes that
also covered different parts of the verse. So I used the nomenclature such as |
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| 4:15m
(not 3 4 not 9) meaning they did not quote the first 3 words, they quoted the
next 4, and they did not quote the last 9 words. |
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| Sometimes
they quoted only the first and lat parts of a verse, or they otherwise quoted
it with gaps, and I used the same nomenclature for that. |
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| In
some cases I still have the older method I used, 4:15m (1/4 quote), but only
when I had the verse elsewhere covered. I plan to go back and update that
too, but again, that is a lower priority since it will not affect the overall
percentage. |
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| 6.
How did I estimate fractions? |
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| I
went by words in Greek or major words in English, not Greek letters. |
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| In
many cases I found the Greek words by using the Aland New Testament. However,
some of the time I did not have that available so I estimated using
English. I found estimating gave
similar ratios, such as one half vs. 5/11, and the errors of estimating too
high or too low tended to cancel themselves out. |
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| So
there is a lot more work I could do if you wanted to get the exact percentage
quoted for every single author, but what I currently have should be accurate
for the overall percentage. |
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| I
looked at the words (in English) and if part was a quote and part was a
paraphrase, I only counted that part where the words matched. In some cases
though it was a quote that said something like “you” and the writer replaced
it with “we”, or similar, and I counted that but noted it. References that
are just allusions or paraphrases are not on the list at all. |
| In
some cases I have not yet differentiated how much of a verse a particular
writer quoted, if other writers have already quoted the entire verse. |
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