+Luther’s 95 Theses Until Second Great Awakening Teaching on NT Authors Grid – Aug. 2024
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Legend for Cells |
Na1. Matthew wrote the Gospel of Matthew |
Na11. Paul wrote Philippians Php 1:1 |
W = Wrote explicitly on this teaching |
Na2. Mark wrote the Gospel of Mark |
Na12. Paul wrote Colossians Col 1:1 |
I = Implied this is true or opposite is false |
Na3. Luke wrote the Gospel of Luke |
Na13. Paul wrote 1 Thessalonians 1 Th 1:1 |
N = Implied since accepted Nicene Creed |
Na4. John wrote the Gospel of John |
Na14. Paul wrote 2 Thessalonians 2 Th 2:1 |
M = Mixed: some agree, others would not |
Na5. Luke wrote Acts |
Na15. Paul wrote 1 Timothy 1 Tim 1:1 |
P = partial ex: Irenaeus: Gnostics wrong to say Savior not killed since impassible |
Na6. Paul wrote Romans Rom 1:1 |
Na16. Paul wrote a 2nd letter to Timothy 2 Tim 1:1 |
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Na7. Paul wrote 1 Corinthians 1 Cor 1:1 |
Na17. Paul wrote Titus Titus 1:1 |
- = no reference found (so far) |
Na8. Paul wrote 2 Corinthians 2 Cor 1:1 |
Na18. Peter wrote 1 Peter 1 Pet 1:1 |
X = Disagree |
Na9. Paul wrote Galatians Gal 1:1 |
Na19. John wrote 1 John - |
blank = not researched yet |
Na10. Paul wrote Ephesians Eph 1:1 |
Na20. Jude wrote Jude Jude 1 |
Writer totals include W’s & I’s but not P’s |
Rows: blue=Bible manuscript, white=Christian writer, khaki=spurious, green=heresy, orange=schism, pink=strange writer, yellow=foreign missions, red=Christians persecuted, purple=Roman Catholics persecuting, brown=Christians persecuting
Christian writer, heretic, or Bible manuscript |
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Martin Luther nails 95 Theses to Wittenberg church door |
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Oct 31, 1517 |
Since the Pope has more gold that Croesus, why doesn’t he just pay for indulgences for all Christians? |
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Magnus Hundt |
c.1487-1519 |
Man in the image of God. A founder of anthropology. |
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Complutensian Polyglot by Bishop Ximenes of Spain |
1517/1520 |
Hebrew, Targum Onkelos, Latin, and Greek |
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Catholic Evangelismus movement in Italy |
1520 |
Supported by many cardinals and Michelangelo |
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German Diet of Worms calls Luther a heretic |
1521 |
Jan 28-May 21, 1521. Luther apologized for a harsh tone, but recanted nothing. |
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Thomas Muntzer and violent Munster Anabaptists |
1525 |
Said end times were here. Killed Protestants & Catholics until Catholics killed them all. |
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30K Anabaptists martyred in Holland, Belgium & Lux. |
1525 |
per World Christian Trends AD 30-AD 2200 p.240 |
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Jakob Hutter and the Hutterites |
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1526 |
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Michael Sattler. Pacifist Anabaptist |
1490-1527 |
Austrians executed him for being an Anabaptist. Unfortunately, he believed in soul-sleep |
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Sylvester Mazzolini, first theologian to publicly attack Martin Luther |
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1515-1527 |
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Conrad Grebel, Felix Manz, Swiss Anabaptist |
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1521-1527- |
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Swiss Anabaptist Schleitheam Confession |
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1527 |
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Sweden becomes mainly Lutheran |
1527 |
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German Hans Nut claims to be a prophet |
1527 |
Said Christ would return in 1528 and immediately reign for 1,000 years. |
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Balthasar Hubmaier (Anabaptist) |
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1480-1528 |
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Patrick Hamilton, Reformed Scottish martyr |
1518-1528 |
Studied in Geneva and with Lutherans. Freely saved through faith in Jesus only, not by works. But a good man does good works. Did not believe in free will. |
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Ten Conclusions of Berne (Zwinglian) |
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1528 |
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Marburg Colloquey, sponsored by Philip of Hesse |
10/1-3 1529 |
Philip of Hesse has Luther and Zwingli meet. Luther divides over consubstantiation. |
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Portuguese priests first missionaries to Vietnam |
1530 |
Priests on Portuguese merchant ships per World Christian Trends AD 30-AD 2200 p.129 |
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Tetrapolitan Confession (German Reformed) by Capito and Bucer |
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1530 |
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Lutheran Augsburg Confession by Melanchthon |
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1530 |
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Ulrich Zwingli, Swiss Reformer, & Zwinglians (67 Articles or Conclusions of Ulrich Zwingli) |
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1454-1531 |
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Johannes Oecolampadius, Zwinglian |
1519-1531 |
High view of venerating Mary, but said Catholics went too far. The rosary had 150 praises to Mary and only 10 to God. Held Mary always a virgin. (Friendly) debates with Erasmus, Zwingli, Luther, and Bucer. |
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Simon Fish Supplication for Beggars |
1530-1531 |
Condemned as a heretic for being against the church amassing wealth while the poor suffered. Against purgatory & indulgences. Spread Tyndale’s Bible. |
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English kings persecute the Lollards |
1413-1532 |
Not too many executed |
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James Bainham, English Reformer & lawyer |
1532 |
Promoted Tyndale. Against Thomas Becket. Burned by Roman Catholics |
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Synod of Zwinglians and Waldensians |
10/12/1532 |
Waldenses join with Reformed church after a 6-day conference in Chamforan, Switz. |
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Luther’s German translation from Erasmus’ text |
1534 |
NT completed back in 1522 |
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Church of England (Anglican Church) |
1534 |
Henry VIII split from Rome when they would not let him annul his marriage. Acts of Supremacy: The King/Queen of England is the head of the Church of England. |
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Spanish Basque Ignatius Loyola founds the Jesuits (Soc. of Jesus) |
1534-1556- |
Prominent in the Catholic Counter-Reformation against Protestantism |
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English Catholic Thomas More, a man for all seasons. Advisor to Henry VII, later executed. |
1504-1535 |
Executed for opposing Henry’s annulments and leaving the Catholic church. Sometimes self-flagellated. Educated his daughters just as well as his sons. |
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Melchior Hoffman, his 12 apostles, Johann Matthijs, Jan Bockelson, and the Munster Anabaptists |
2/1534- 6/1535 |
Violently took over Munster until Roman Catholics killed all the city. Hoffman said the millennium would begin in 1533. Strasburg would be the New Jerusalem. |
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Miles Coverdale, English Bible translation |
1535 |
While others were earlier, this was the first English Bible that used the printing press. |
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Jacob Faber (Stapulensis). Calvinistic Roman Catholic |
1492-1536 |
Translated the Bible into French. The Roman Catholic church burned all copies. |
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Cardinal Thomas Cajetan, opponent of Luther |
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1494-1536 |
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Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam (Catholic Bible scholar). Wrote 1,500 letters |
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1469-1536 |
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William Tyndale. Bible translator. Believed in soul sleep |
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1515- Oct 6, 1536 |
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Spanish king orders Cortes to convert all Indians |
1523-1536 |
6 million Indians baptized in Mexico alone. World Christian Trends 30 AD-2200 AD p.129 |
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First Helvetic Confession |
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1536 |
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Andreas Althamer, Lutheran theologian |
1528-1539 |
Wrote a Lutheran catechism before Luther did. At the Bern Disputation in 1528 |
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“Great Bible” translation |
1539 |
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Angela Merici found the Ursulines |
1535-1540 |
Education for girls. Officially called the Companions of St. Ursula |
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Denmark, Norway, and Sweden officially Lutheran |
1536-1540 |
Lutheranism made the state religion, per World Christian Trends AD 30-AD 2200 p.130 |
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Russian Orthodox Gowry brings gospel to Tartars |
1540 |
Evangelizes Tartars in Russia, per World Christian Trends AD 30-AD 2200 p.130 |
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Luther and Calvin: no more Great Commission |
1540 |
They said it was only for first century, per World Christian Trends AD 30-AD 2200 p.130 |
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Wolfgang Capito German Protestant, |
1524-1541 |
With Martin Bucer wrote the Tetrapolitan Creed |
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Andreas Karlstadt, German reformer |
1480-1541 |
Both foe and friend of Luther at various times. Denied consubstantiation, then recanted |
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Diet of Regensberg (=Colloquy of Ratisbon) |
1541 |
Tried to recover unity between Catholics and Protestants but both Luther and the HRE Emperor rejected what they had agreed upon. |
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Roman Catholic Gaspar Cortarini |
1483-1542 |
Wrote On the Office of the Bishop |
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Albert Pighius. Debated Calvin in predestination |
1522-1542 |
Roman Catholic theologian, mathematician, and astronomer |
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Muslim Ahmad Gran persecutes Ethiopians |
1527-1542 |
Destroyed Amharic churches and monasteries for 15 years in Ethiopia |
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Sebastian Franck |
1531-1542 |
Against the Trinity. Forced by Bucer, Melanchthon and Philip of Hesse to move out. |
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Nicholaus Copernicus Catholic astronomer. 70 years later Pope Paul V against this and Galileo. |
1473-1543 |
Protestants Luther, John Owen, and Wilhelm Gnapheus thought earth going around the sun unbiblical. Melanchthon taught government should use force to suppress this. |
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Johann Eck Roman Catholic counter-reformist |
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1506-1543 |
Mentor of Hubmaier, against Osiander defending the Jews, “a blasphemous race”. Advocated force against Luther and Lutherans |
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Crusade against the Waldenses |
1487-1545- |
Pope Innocent VIII orders a crusade to exterminate the Waldenses |
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George Spalatin. Luther’s counselor & translator |
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1502-1545 |
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Martin Luther, or conservative Lutherans |
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1483-1546 |
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Frederich Myconius, pastor and Luther’s helper |
c.1520-1546 |
About to die in 1540, Luther wrote commanding him to live, and he lived 6 more years |
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Peter Faber |
1534-1546 |
Co-founder of the Jesuits. Though reforming the corrupt Catholic priests was the way to counter the Protestant Reformation |
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Luther preaches to kill Jews & Anabaptists |
1537-1546 |
Luther changed his view on killing Anabaptists in his last sermon. |
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French Henri II executes 1,000’s of Protestants |
1546 |
per World Christian Trends AD 30-AD 2200 p.130 |
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Beatus Bild (Rhenanus), Erasmus’ friend and biographer |
1528-1547 |
Attempted to reconcile Calvin, Luther, and Zwingli |
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Johannes Honter, Saxon-Transylvanian mapmaker |
1533-1547 |
Founded the Romanian Lutheran church |
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Anti-Trinitarians Council of Venice |
1550 |
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Libertine Spiritualists. Marguerite de Navarre, Quintin de Hainaut and Anthony Pocquet |
1548- |
Three ages: Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. Those in the H.S. age don’t need to concern themselves with the other aspects. Calvin wrote against them. |
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Martin Bucer. Mediator for Luther & Zwingli
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1523-1551 |
Influenced Lutheranism, Calvinism, and Anglicanism. Thought Catholics would all be persuaded to become Protestants. |
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Council of the 100 Chapters (Stoglav) Moscow (Orthodox, icons) |
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1551 |
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Inquisition in Toledo, Spain |
1551 |
Banned the Bible in Spanish. The ban was rescinded in 1790. |
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Andreas Osiander (Roman Catholic) wrote a harmony of the gospels |
1522-1552 |
Justification by faith “instilled” rather than “ascribed as Luther and Calvin said. Refuted scandalous attacks against Jewish people. |
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Francis Xavier |
1534-1552 |
Jesuit missionary to India, Indonesia, and Japan. Died on his way to China. |
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Michael Servetus against the Trinity. Son created at conception. Unitarians, Jehovah’s Witnesses, and Oneness Pentecostals have all claimed him as like them. Believe in soul sleep. |
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1531-1553 |
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Johann Mathesius, Lutheran |
1540-1555 |
Published Table Talk of Luther’s teachings at meals. |
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Nicholas Ridley |
1529-1555 |
Pope not supreme in England. No free will or transubstantiation. Queen Mary killed him. |
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Richard Woodman plus 9 others |
June 1557 |
Protestants burned at the stake by the Catholic Church in Lewes, Sussex, England |
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Caspar Hedio. Protestant reformer and world historian |
1519-1556 |
Present at the Marburg Colloquy and Diet of Worms. Friend of Bucer & Melanchthon |
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Thomas Cranmer [Anglican] archbishop of Canterbury |
1527-1556 |
Worked for Henry VIII’s annulment of marriage to Catherine of Aragon. Said the king is supreme over the church in his realm. Martyred by Catholic Mary Queen of Scots. |
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Pilgram Marpeck |
1528-1556 |
Moderate south German Anabaptist. Against both legalism, spiritualism and religious violence. Debate Bucer and Schwenkfield. |
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David Joris. Dutch Anabaptist leader. |
1524-1556 |
200 works. No vengeance, but polygamy OK. Simons thought him too compromising. |
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Michael Agricola. Lutheran Finnish Bible translator. |
1537-1556 |
A founder of Finnish literature, worked to spread Lutheranism in Sweden/Finland. |
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Geneva Bible translation |
1557 |
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Confession of Czengar |
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1557 |
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Inquisition exterminates Protestants in Spain |
1558 |
Protestants burned at the stake, per World Christian Trends AD 30-AD 2200 p.131 |
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The Gallican Confession (de La Rochelle (Huguenot) (Reformed) |
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1559 |
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First Scotch Confession of Faith |
7.4 |
8/17/1560 |
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Menno Simons, peaceful German Anabaptist, Mennonites |
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1536-1561- |
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Caspar Schwenckfeld von Ossig and the Schwenckenfelder group |
1525-1561- |
Communion bread and wine a metaphor. Luther expelled him, Zwingli liked him. Like Menno Simons, he had a strange view of the “heavenly flesh” of Christ. |
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Belgic Confession (Reformed) |
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1561 |
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Peter Vermigli, Italian Catholic turned Calvinist |
1537-1562 |
Expert debater on the Eucharist. Believed in double predestination. |
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Lelio Sozzini (Socinus) (forbearer of Unitarian heretics) |
1554-1562 |
Anti-Trinitarian who denied the pre-existence of Christ |
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Fausto Sozzini (Socinus) (forbearer of Unitarian heretics) |
1554-1562 |
Same Anti-Trinitarian view as his uncle Lelio Sozzini |
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3K Protestants killed in Toulouse, France |
1562 |
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39 Articles of the Church of England |
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1562 |
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Sebastian Castellio |
1540-1563 |
French preacher and theologian. Became a Calvinist after seeing Calvinist martyrs in the French Inquisition |
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Roman Catholic Council of Trent |
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1545-1563 |
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The Heidelberg Catechism |
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1563 |
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John Calvin, a founder of Reformed theology |
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1536-1564 |
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Bartolome de Lascasas, Spanish Dominican missionary |
1512-1566 |
Wrote History of the Indies. Said needed to end slavery and end oppressing natives. |
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Jacob Acontius |
1557-1566 |
Engineer with 2 patents. ex-Catholic, Reformed, then Unitarian theologian |
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Unitarian churches in Romania, Hungary, and Poland |
1566 |
per World Christian Trends AD 30-AD 2200 p.131 |
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Second Helvetic Confession |
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1566 |
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Dirk Philips Dutch Mennonite theologian |
1534-1568 |
7 church ordinances: Pure doctrine, sacraments, footwashing, shunning, love, obedience, suffering/persecution. Believed in soul sleep. |
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Bishops’ Bible translation |
1568 |
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John of Avila (6 volumes of writing) |
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1499-1569 |
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Peru Inquisition tortures 120K heretics |
1569 |
Also burned to death 189 dissenters, per World Christian Trends AD 30-AD 2200 p.131 |
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Dirk Willems martyred in Spanish-controlled Netherlands |
1569 |
Dirk Willems escaped from prison, the guard chasing him fell through the ice, and after rescuing the guard, the burgomaster still insisted Dirk be burned to death. |
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Johannes Brenz/Brentius & Ubiquitarians |
1559-1570 |
Lutherans who said Christ’s presence is everywhere, not just in the bread & wine. |
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Consensus of Sendomir, (Reformed in Poland) |
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1570 |
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Anglican Churches |
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1571- |
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St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre |
Aug 23, 1572 |
French Catholics treacherously kill 5K-30K French Huguenots at Spain’s insistence |
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Juan Focher. French Franciscan missionary to Mexico |
1540-1572 |
One of the first writers on missiology and civil law. |
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John Knox (Scotch Calvinist) |
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1547-1572 |
Fiery Calvinist preacher who brought the Reformation to Scotland |
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Petrus Ramus |
1561-1572 |
Converted Huguenot philosopher who systemized all knowledge. He was against Aristotle, which put him at odds with Jesuits, Theodore Beza, and Richard Hooker. martyred on St. Bartholemew’s Day Massacre. Jacob Arminius was a Ramist. |
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Maturinus Corderius (Catholic who taught Calvin and converted to Calvinism) |
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1540-1574 |
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Lutheran Joachim Westphalus debated Calvin on the Lord’s Supper |
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1543-1574 |
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Heinrich Bullinger, reformed covenant theology |
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1523-1575 |
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Luis Bolanos, missionary to Paraguay & Argentina |
1529-1575 |
Converts 20K Tucaman Indians, per to World Christian Trends AD 30-AD 2200 p.129 |
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German pietist missionaries in Tranquebar, India |
1575 |
per World Christian Trends AD 30-AD 2200 p.131 |
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Laurentius Surius (Carthusian monk historian) |
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1542-1578 |
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David Ferenc, Transylvanian Unitarian |
1565-1579 |
Catholic, then Lutheran (1541), then Calvinist (1559), then Unitarian (1565) |
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Maronite Council of Qannoubine |
1580 |
Settled on Latin usage for the Maronite church |
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Second Scotch Confession of Faith |
1.4 |
1580 |
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Theresa of Avila, Carmelite nun, mystic. John of the Cross ministered under her. |
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1550-1582 |
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100K Philippine Christians, or 16% of the population |
1583 |
1594 286K-46%. 1629 500K-74%. per World Christian Trends AD 30-AD 2200 p.131 |
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Charles Borromeo of Milan. Persecuted Protestants in the counter-Reformation |
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1538-1584 |
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Lutheran Formula of Concord |
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1576 & 1584 |
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Martin Chemnitz, Lutheran writer, a “second Martin” |
1554-1586 |
Wrote 4 vol. An Examination of the Council of Trent, an author of Formula of Concord. |
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John Foxe |
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1552-1587 |
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Third Rome doctrine of the Russian Orthodox Church |
1589 |
Claimed that Moscow was the “third Rome” since Rome and Constantinople had fallen |
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Girolamo Zanchi Romanian reformer |
1551-1590 |
A Calvinist theologian and a Thomist in philosophy and methodology. |
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Jesuit scholar Rebeira |
1537-1591 |
Taught Revelation all in the future, and first to teach that the Millennium was in heaven, not on earth. |
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John of the Cross. Spanish Carmelite, later beaten by other Carmelites for disobeying them, later made a saint |
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1567-1591 |
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Second Council of Lima, Peru. Indians cannot be clergy |
1591 |
per World Christian Trends AD 30-AD 2200 p.131 |
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Lutheran Saxon Visitation Articles (against crypto-Calvinism) |
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1592 |
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Estimated 125 or 100 million Christians (18%) |
by 1600 |
per Ante-Nicene Fathers vol.4 p.126 or World Christian Trends AD 30-AD 2200 p.97 |
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Richard Hooker. Influential Anglican theologian, believed Scripture alone, justification by faith, but against Popish rules and Puritan predestination. |
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1577-1600 |
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Jesus Luis de Molina (Molinists teach prevenient grace) |
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1588-1600 |
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Portuguese missionaries convert 300K in Japan |
by 1600 |
1571: 30K, 1582:150K, 200 churches, per World Christian Trends AD 30-AD 2200 p.130 |
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Unitarian heretics (later because Unitarian Universalists) |
1600- |
Denied the deity of Christ and the virgin birth |
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William Perkins of Cambridge. A Founder of the Puritans |
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1558-1602 |
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Bible first translated into Gaelic |
1602 |
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Pierre Charron, Roman Catholic theologian |
1588-1603 |
Wrote on proof of God, the Catholic Church being the true church. The soul is in the ventricles of the brain. Piety, prayers, presents, vows, and suffering appease God. |
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Tim Cartright. Strict Calvinist |
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1572-1603 |
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Jacobus Arminius |
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1588-1605 |
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Heretical Socinian Catechism of Rakow |
1605 |
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John Smyth organizes Baptist church in Amsterdam |
1609 |
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Matteo Ricci, Italian Jesuit missionary to China |
1577-1610 |
Created a world map in Chinese. Believed Confucians and Christians had the same God. |
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Rheims-Douai Bible translation (Roman Catholic) |
1582-1610 |
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King James Version of the Bible |
1611 |
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Thomas Helwys and General Baptists in England |
1612 |
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Roman Catholic Willem Hessels van Est (Estius). |
1572-1613 |
Wrote the [19 R.C.] Martyrs of Gorcum. Commentary on Paul and Catholic epistles. |
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Jesuit Luis del Alcazar first to each Preterism. All but the last 3 chapters were fulfilled soon after John |
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1614 |
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Emperor Ieyasu prohibits Christianity in Japan |
1614 |
per World Christian Trends AD 30-AD 2200 p.241 |
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Spanish Jesuit Francisco Suarez |
1570-1617 |
Considered the greatest Medieval Catholic theologian after Thomas Aquinas. Influenced Hugo Grotius. |
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Dutch Reformed Synod of Dort |
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1618 |
Developed the five points of Calvinism (TULIP) against the five points of Arminius |
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Bohemia forced to become Roman Catholic again |
1620 |
30K Protestants expelled, many others killed |
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Cardinal Robert Bellarmine. Against Galileo. Later made a saint and doctor of the church. |
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1567-1621 |
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Francis de Sales, Catholic bishop of Geneva |
1592-1622 |
Tolerant of Protestants. After being depressed about predestination, devoted himself to the virgin Mary. Wrote devotional works. |
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Johannes Piscator, wrote a condenses version of Calvin’s Institutes |
1573-1625 |
Wrote Latin Bible commentaries and Disputations on the Judicial Laws of Moses. While on earth Christ had to obey the law too. |
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Creed of Metrophanes Critopulus |
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1625 |
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Lancelot Andrewes, oversaw KJV translation |
1571-1626 |
Friend of Grotius. Against Calvinism. God condemned Cain for his freely chosen sin. |
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David Blondel, Protestant reformer |
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1628 |
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Six Mile Water Presbyterian Revival in Ireland |
1628 |
Robert Blair and John Livingstone preach. James Ussher supports them. |
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Sixtinus Amama, Protestant Dutch scholar |
1618-1629 |
One of the first the emphasize the studying the Bible in the original languages |
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Cyril Lucar (Loukaris) Greek orthodox patriarch follows Protestant reformers |
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1629-1631 |
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Robert Browne. Founder of Brownian English Separatists |
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c.1575-1633 |
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William Ames, hard Calvinist |
1609-1633 |
Wrote The Marrow of Theology which would cause much controversy a century later |
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Ottomans devise the Devsirme system |
1383-1638 |
Required each Christian family to give up one son to be a Muslim Janissary soldier |
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Galileo Galilei, Christian astronomer |
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1564-1642 |
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Dominic Gravina Dominican theologian at Naples |
1610-1643 |
Many published works, including Catholic Prescriptions Against all Heretics |
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Orthodox Confession of the Eastern Church by Peter Mogilas of Kiev |
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1643 |
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Chinese Ming Dynasty suppresses Nestorians |
1368-1644 |
This was after the Mongol Yuan Dynasty fell |
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Hugo Grotius (Dutch “economic theologist”) The Truth of the Christian Religion. Founder of International Law |
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1608-1645 |
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First persecution of Christians in Vietnam |
1645 |
Alexander de Rhodes expelled, per World Christian Trends AD 30-AD 2200 p.133 |
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Westminster Shorter Catechism |
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1646-1647 |
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Thirty Years War Catholics vs. Lutherans/France |
1618-1648 |
About 1/4 of Germans perished. Many Protestants and Catholics killed. |
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Chmielnicki Massacre |
1648 |
Polish Catholics kill 100K Jews, per World Christian Trends AD 30-AD 2200 p.133 |
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Puritans banish Baptists from Massachusetts |
1649 |
They would banish all against baptism of infants |
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Bogomils, Manichaean/Gnostic |
970-1650 |
Originating from Paulicans, they spread from Greece to France. |
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Quakers (=The Religious Society of Friends) |
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1650- |
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Lutheran missionary Peter Heyling of Lubeck |
1634-1652 |
Went to Egypt and Ethiopia, per World Christian Trends AD 30-AD 2200 p.133 |
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Johann V. Andrea and Rosicrucians |
1619-1654- |
per World Christian Trends AD 30-AD 2200 p.132 |
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Waldensian Confession of Faith A Brief Confession of the Reformed Churches of Piedmont |
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1655 |
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English Puritan pastor William Gurnall |
1655 |
The Christian in Complete Armour (on Gal 6:10-20) 1,472 pages in the eighth edition |
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James Ussher, Protestant archbishop of Ireland |
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1581-1656 |
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Polish Catholics kill Orthodox in Poland |
-1656 |
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Lelio Sozzini & Socinianism (became Unitarians later) |
1550-1658 |
Denied the deity of Christ, and later the virgin birth. Believed in soul sleep |
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Polish brethren (=Reformed Church of Poland) |
6/1565-1658 |
Non-Trinitarian, no Hell, pacifists, soul sleep |
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Dutch persecute Roman Catholics in Sri Lanka |
1658 |
per World Christian Trends AD 30-AD 2200 p.241 |
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Congregationalist Savoy Declaration of Faith |
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1658 |
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Quakers, worldwide |
1660 |
40K to 60K. Pacifist |
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Chinese pirate Koxinga kills Christians in Taiwan |
1661 |
Kills 6K Reformed Mountain people. per World Christian Trends AD 30-AD 2200 p.241 |
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Peter Heylin/Heylyn, English Arminian theologian |
1618-1662 |
Historian, who wrote much against the Puritans. |
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Blaise Pascal, Jensenist (a Calvinist Catholic) |
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1654-1662 |
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English king Charles II imprisons 15K Quakers |
1662 |
500 died in prison. per World Christian Trends AD 30-AD 2200 p.241 |
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Moses/Moise Amyraut. French founder of Amaryldian (4.5 point) Calvinist |
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1596-1664 |
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Jean Bolland. Jesuit scholar of lives of saints |
1630-1665 |
The Catholic Bollandist Society is named after him |
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Second persecution of Christians in Vietnam |
1665 |
per World Christian Trends AD 30-AD 2200 p.241 |
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German Jesuit astronomer J.A. Schall von Bell |
1630-1666 |
Missionary to China, wins 100K converts |
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Sabbatai Sebi/Zvi Jewish rabbi |
Sept. 1666 |
A Jewish rabbi who claimed to be the Messiah |
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Great Council of Moscow (Orthodox, icons) |
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1666-1667 |
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German Lutheran Justinian von Weltz |
1663-1668 |
Writes exhorting Christians to foreign missions |
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Dutch Reformed Johannes Koch (Cocceius)
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1630-1669 |
Formulated Federal Headship and Covenant theology. Emphasized Christ in the OT. Sabbath not valid in NT times. Wrote 12 volumes of theology. Millennialist. |
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Martin Schoock. theologian, historian, scientist |
1636-1669 |
wrote 50 books, including ones on butter, and the Bible vs. Cartesian philosophy |
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Thomas Browne. Christian physician and best-selling author. “think magnificently about God” |
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1637-1672 |
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Synod of Jerusalem (decree of Dositheus) |
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1672 |
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John Milton. He taught Roger Williams Hebrew. Wrote Paradise Lost and On the Morning of Christ's Nativity |
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1626-1674 |
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Confession of the Society of Friends (Quakers) |
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1675 |
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Gijsbert Voetius Dutch strong Calvinist |
1611-1676 |
Present at the Synod of Dort. Opponent of Coccheius |
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Francois Combefis (Dominican monk historian) |
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1640-1679 |
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In Russia, many Old Believers killed |
1682 |
Avvakum Petrovich & Boyarina Morozova killed. per World Christian Trends AD 30-AD 2200 p.241 |
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Roger Williams, Baptist minister, abolitionist |
1631-1683 |
Said Anglicans corrupt, against living on Indian land without paying the Indians first. |
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John Owen, influential Puritan |
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1637-1683 |
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Francis Turretin |
1679-1685 |
Institutes of Elenctic Theology. Primary Princeton theology text until Charles Hodge |
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French Edict of Nantes revoked |
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1685 |
Huguenots have to leave France |
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John Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress. Traducian. Imprisoned 11 years. Wrote 60 works. |
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1649-1688 |
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Baptist Philadelphia Confession of 1688 |
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1688 |
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John Elliot apostle to the Indians converts 4K Indians |
1640-1690 |
Massachusetts language Bible, per World Christian Trends AD 30-AD 2200 p.133 |
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Richard Baxter. Puritan who believed in universal atonement and the importance of faith in getting saved (Neonomian). Opposed by John Owen. |
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1641-1691 |
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George Fox (Quaker) |
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1650-1691 |
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Synod of Constantinople |
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1672,1691 |
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Chinese Emperor allows Christianity |
1692 |
2,000 believers to 300K |
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King of Pegu in Burma drowns Parise missionaries |
1693 |
Friars Genoud and Joret killed. per World Christian Trends AD 30-AD 2200 p.241 |
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Jakob Ammann & the Amish (no modernity) |
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1693- |
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Abraham a Sancta Clara. Popular Augustinian preacher and monk with coarse humor. |
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1686-1695 |
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200K Christians martyred in Japan |
1614-1697 |
per World Christian Trends AD 30-AD 2200 p.134 |
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Estimated 155 million or 130 million Christians (21%) |
by 1700 |
per Ante-Nicene Fathers vol.4 p.126 or World Christian Trends AD 30-AD 2200 p.97 |
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French king Louis XIV has a great slaughter of Protestants |
1685-1702 |
Many villages all massacred and 2,000 churches burned. This turned into the Camisard revolt by the Huguenot Protestants in 1702. |
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Benjamin Keach. English Particular Baptist, hymn writer. Wrote 43 works |
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1658-1704 |
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John Locke. Famous economist. Wrote The Reasonableness of Christianity |
1688-1704 |
Ex-Puritan, then Socinian Unitarian, then Arian. Believed in religious toleration for all but atheists. Wrote on human development, politics, and economics |
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Philipp Spener |
1675-1705 |
A German Lutheran founder of pietism |
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Pierre Bayle, renowned Huguenot Calvinist scholar |
1682-1706 |
theologian, philosopher, and historian. His books’ footnotes were more important than the text! French, fled to Geneva, then Holland. |
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Early covenant theologians: Caspar Alerianus, Johannes Oecolampadius, Zacharius Ursinus, Robbert Rollock, Herman Witsius |
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1536-1708 |
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George Bull. Anglican priest who wrote on the Trinity and justification |
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1655-1710 |
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The Caroline Divines
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160-1711 |
Anglican with many Catholic beliefs. Precursor to the Oxford Movement. |
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Isaac Chauncy, Neonomian and medical doctor |
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1660-1712 |
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Herman von der Hardt. Bible Commentary |
1712 |
First to deny the view that the anonymous book of Lamentations was by Jeremiah |
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Roman Catholic Papal bulls against Jansenists |
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1653, 1713 |
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Roman Catholic Archbishop Francois Fenelon |
1675-1715 |
Writer, poet, theologian. Supported Madam Guyon. Against Huguenots and Jensenists. |
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Gottfried Leibniz, Protestant scientist, mathematician |
1666-1716 |
Co-inventor of Calculus. Wrote on math, probability, science, politics, philosophy, theology. Wrote on the problem of evil, that this was the best of all possible worlds. |
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Madam Guyon (Jeanne-Marie Motte-Guyon) |
1648-1717 |
Devotional Catholic imprisoned by the Catholic Church for 7 years |
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Ebenezer Pemberton, sharp-tempered Congregationalist minister |
1700-2/1717 |
A founder of Princeton University. Emotional religious experience was not required to join a church. Often against Cotton Mather, though Mather spoke well at his funeral. |
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Marrow Controversy in Scottish Presbyterian Church |
1718 |
William Craig failed ministry certification because he would not agree with: "I believe that it is not sound and orthodox to teach that we must forsake sin in order to our coming to Christ." |
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Heinrich Plutschau and Bartholomaes Ziegenbalg, Danish Lutheran missionaries to Indian Tamils. NT translation. |
1706-1719 |
The English jailed Ziegenbalg for four months for his work. After them, the Halle Mission continued from 1719 to 1839. |
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Eleventh persecution of Christians in Vietnam |
1719 |
per World Christian Trends AD 30-AD 2200 p.241 |
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Synod of the Russian Church (Orthodox, icons) |
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1722 |
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Isaac Newton (denied the Trinity, liked Arians) |
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1642-1727 |
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Cotton Mather. Boston Puritan minister and writer |
1685-1728 |
Promoted smallpox vaccination in 1721. Defended Salem witch trials. |
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Maronite Synod of Mt. Lebanon |
1736 |
Accepted women deacons |
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Tibetan monks persecute Jesuits & Capuchins |
1737 |
Killed most of 40 Tibetan believers. per World Christian Trends AD 30-AD 2200 p.241 |
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First Great Awakening in North America & England |
1726-1740 |
Jonathan Edwards, John and Charles Wesley, George Whitfield, others |
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Daniel Jablonski |
1660-1741 |
Czech-German theologian who tried to unite Lutherans and Calvinists |
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Benedictine Antoin Calmet |
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1707-1742 |
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Archbishop Hugh Boulter of Ireland |
1724-1742 |
Forbade Catholic lawyers, judges, voters. During famine brought food to Ulster |
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David Brainerd, Presbyterian missionary to native Americans |
1742-1747 |
In New York and Pennsylvania. New Light Movement. Suffered from tuberculosis, depression, and malnourishment. Inspiration for Carey and others. |
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Isaac Watts, theologian and logician. 750 hymns |
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1690-1748 |
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Easter Litany of the Moravian Church |
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1749 |
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Joseph Butler Analogy of Religion |
1718-1752 |
ex-Presbyterian, Anglican bishop refuted Deism & Locke’s view of personal identity |
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Dutch kill 2K Catholics in Timor |
1754 |
per World Christian Trends AD 30-AD 2200 p.241 |
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James Davenport, weird Congregationalist minister. Spoke against other pastors. |
1741-1757 |
Had bonfires to throw in immoral books and luxuries. Criticized after he removed his pants and threw them in. Later said the devil had gotten in to him. |
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Jonathan Edwards, theologian, revivalist Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God |
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1733-1758 |
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Count Nikolaus Ludwig von Zinzendorf in S. Germany |
1737-1760 |
Lutheran to Moravian Brethren. This small group sent out 226 missionaries. |
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Thomas Sherlock, Anglican bishop & apologist |
1714-1761 |
Wrote against Deism defending the Resurrection, miracles, God’s providence |
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Gilbert Tennant, Irish-American Presbyterian revivalist |
1725-1764 |
In the First Great Awakening. He “preached the terrors” of Hell. Caused a 17-year split among Presbyterians, which he worked to heal. |
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Nathaniel Lardner |
1727-1768 |
ex-Presbyterian Arian, Socinian. Nothing of Jesus existed before Mary |
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George Whitfield (Great Awakening preacher) |
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1714-1770 |
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Emmanuel Swedenborg (Last Judgment in 1757, Oneness) |
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1744-1770 |
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Howell Harris and Daniel Rowland, Welsh revivalists |
1735-1773 |
Calvinist Methodists. They had a rift, but some years later reconciled. |
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Christian August Crusius |
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1744-1775 |
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Synod of Constantinople (Orthodox, icons) |
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1776 |
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Nestorian schism of the Shimun line and the Eliya (hereditary patriarch) line |
1553-1780 |
Catholic Church in communion with the Shimun line from 1553-1590. Today the Nestorian “Chaldean Catholic Church” is in communion with Rome. |
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Catholicism spreads in Korea, then is persecuted |
1785,1791, 1801-1846 |
None killed in 1791. About 2,000 killed after that. |
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Methodist Articles of Religion |
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1784 |
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John Howard, British Calvinist prison reformer |
1773-1790 |
After being briefly imprisoned by French privateers, he campaigned the rest of his life for prison reform. Many stayed in prison just because they could not pay the jailer fee. |
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John Wesley, Arminian, a founder of Methodism |
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1738-1791 |
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Polish-Jew Jacob Frank started “Frankism”, a mixture of Jewish and Christian beliefs. |
1755-1791 |
He claimed to be a part of the Trinity and the reincarnation of Sabbatai Zevi. He taught “purification through transgression” Held to the Kabbalah, rejected the Talmud. |
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Josiah Wedgewood, very wealthy anti-slavery crusader |
1787-1795 |
Mass-produced pottery. His anti-slavery jewelry became a popular fashion in England. |
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Christians persecuted in Korea |
1795 |
per World Christian Trends AD 30-AD 2200 p.242 |
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Alexander Kilham, Methodist minister |
1785-1798 |
Temporarily separate Methodist church because wanted complete split from Anglicans |
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Estimated 200 or 205 million Christians (23%) |
by 1800 |
per Ante-Nicene Fathers vol.4 p.126 or World Christian Trends AD 30-AD 2200 p.97 |
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Deism. They taught God revealed Himself clearly through nature, but no divine revelation. |
1564-1801 - |
Prominent deists include John Toland, Matthew Tindal, William Wollaston, Charles Blount, Henry St. John, First Viscount Bolingbroke, Peter Annet, Thomas Chubb |
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Joseph Priestly soul sleep, ex-Calvinist Unitarian heretic, famous chemist |
1755-1804 |
Wrote over 150 books, on theology, chemistry, politics, even grammar. Believed in soul sleep and ushering in the new Millennium. |
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Anglican William Paley Natural Theology or Evidences of the Existence and Attributes of Deity |
1787-1805 |
Apologist. He strongly opposed the slave trade. Came up with the watchmaker analogy. Used the teleological argument. |
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Isaac Backus. Congregationalist then Baptist pastor |
1746-1806 |
Against slavery and state-sponsored churches. A founder of Brown University. |
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The Haystack Movement. First ever U.S. Protestant foreign missions sent out in 1812. |
8/1806- |
American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions. First 50 years sent out 1,250 missionaries. |
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Wilbur Wilberforce |
1807 |
Powerful Christian anti-slavery speaker and member of the British Parliament. |
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Robert Morrison translates Bible into Chinese |
1807 |
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James Chater, Richard Mardon, Felix Carey |
1807 |
First Protestant missionaries to Burma/Myanmar |
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Gr. Orthodox: Nicodemus of the Holy Mountain Pedalion (The Rudder) |
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1775-1809 |
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Anglican Beilby Porteus. Bishop of London |
1762-1809 |
Anglican leader who led the fight to end slavery |
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Calvinists persecute Anabaptists |
1527-1810 |
Switzerland repealed persecution laws against Anabaptists in 1810. |
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Henry Martyn, missionary to India and Persia |
1806-1812 |
Translated parts of the Bible into Urdu and Persian |
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Thomas Coke, co-founder of Methodism in America |
1772-1814 |
Later also a missionary to the West Indies and Sierra Leone. Spoke against slavery. |
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Francis Asbury. co-leader of Methodism in America |
1767-1816 |
Picked by John Wesley. Rode 1,000’s of miles. Had Methodist churches be neutral in the American Revolution. Ordained Richard Allen. |
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Richard Allen & the African Methodist Episcopal (AME) Church after segregation in Methodist church. Aided in the yellow fever epidemic; peaceful abolitionists |
1777-1816 |
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Catholic pope finally abolishes torture |
1816 |
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William Bramwell, English Methodist revivalist |
1781-1818 |
Influential Methodist Revivalist in Yorkshire. Friend of Kilham but did not separate. |
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Samuel Mills. A Haystack Movement member, missionary |
1801-1818 |
Founds the American Bible Society and later the United Foreign Mission American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions. Preached to the poor in the Mississippi Valley, New York City, and west Africa. |
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Calvinistic Methodists |
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1823 |
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