Start of Muslim Conquests Until Fourth Lateran Council Teaching on Apologetics Grid – Dec. 2023 version
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Legend for Cells |
Ap1. Answering questions of others Mk10:17-21; Lk12:14-17; 1Cor7 |
Ap11. Moses is older than Homer |
W = Wrote explicitly on this teaching |
Ap2. Answering alleged contradictions |
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I = Implied this is true or opposite is false |
Ap3. Answering false moral accusations |
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N = Implied since accepted Nicene Creed |
Ap4. Using questions Hag1:4,5,9; 2:11-13;Mal 3:7,8; Jn 10:34; 11:9 |
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M = Mixed: some agree, others would not |
Ap5. Nature witnesses to God Ps 19; Rom 1:18-20 |
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P = partial ex: Irenaeus: Gnostics wrong to say Savior not killed since impassible |
Ap6. Appeal to science |
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Ap7. First Cause (cosmological argument) |
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- = no reference found (so far) |
Ap8. Only One is supreme |
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X = Disagree |
Ap9. Appeal to historians Josh 10:13; 2 Sam 1:18; Num 21:14 |
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blank = not researched yet |
Ap10. Using chronology in apologetics |
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Writer totals include W’s & I’s but not P’s |
Rows: blue=Bible manuscript, white=Christian writer, khaki=spurious, green=heresy, orange=schism, pink=strange writer, yellow=foreign missions, red=Christians persecuted, purple=Roman Catholics persecuting, brown=Christians persecuting
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Christian writer, heretic, or Bible manuscript |
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Date A.D. |
Ap1 |
Ap2 |
Ap3 |
Ap4 |
Ap5 |
Ap6 |
Ap7 |
Ap8 |
Ap9 |
Ap10 |
Ap11 |
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Muslim conquests against non-Muslims |
634- |
Muslims invade from Syria to France, and from Persia to India. World Christian Trends AD 30-AD 2200 p.119 says in 660 most Egyptians convert from Christianity to Islam. |
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Alopen brings Nestorian Christianity to China |
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635 |
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Irish monk Aiden of Lindisfarne |
c.635 |
Missionary to the Picts and Scots in Scotland and to re-Christianize Northumbria after Anglo-Saxons stamped out Christianity & the missionary before him was unsuccessful |
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Isidore of Seville, scholar Etymologiae |
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601-636 |
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5th Council of Toledo, Spain |
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636 |
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Monothelite-leaning Pope Honorius of Rome |
625-638 |
Anathematized as a heretic by 3rd Council of Constantinople in 680 |
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6th Council of Toledo, Spain (53 bishops) |
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Jan, 638 |
Against Jews. Excommunicate Traitors; bishops abroad who were against the emperor should be penitents until death |
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Sahdone/Sahdona (=Martyrius) On Psalms |
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c.635-640 |
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Chronicle of Alexandria |
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640 |
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estimated Christian population in millions |
c.640 |
Persia: 1m, Egypt: 3m Copt, 0.2m Orthodox, North African Berbers: 5.2m (80%). According to World Christian Trends AD 30-AD 2200 p.119 |
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Bafri, a Chinese princess returning from Nineveh |
642 |
contributes money to rebuild the Church of St. Mary in Urmia, Northwestern Iran |
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7th Council of Toledo, Spain (41 bishops) |
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Nov, 646 |
Same as 5th Council. Against Jews |
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Lateran Council condemns monothelites (150 bishops) |
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649 |
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Oecumenius teaches the sinlessness of Mary |
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550-650 |
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Ananias of Shiraly, Armenia |
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ca.600-650 |
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Syriac Peshita (SyrP) All OT, All NT except 2 Pet, 2,3 Jn, Jude, Rev |
600/650 |
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Cogitosus of Kildare. Wrote a biography of Brigid of Kildare |
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c.650 |
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North African Berbers bring Christianity to Niger |
c.650 |
They were escaping Muslim conquest. World Christian Trends AD 33-AD 2200 p.119 |
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First Christians in Sumatra, Indonesia |
c.650 |
according to World Christian Trends AD 30-AD 2200 p.119 |
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First Nestorian missionaries to Mongols |
c.650 |
according to World Christian Trends AD 30-AD 2200 p.119 |
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Andreas of Caesarea |
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7th century |
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Modestus of Jerusalem (Mary the new Eve) |
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7th century |
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pseudo-Athanasius |
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7th century |
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096 Acts 2:6-17; 26:7-28; 097 Acts 13:39-46 |
7th century |
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098 2 Cor 11:9-19; 099 Mk 6:6-18 |
7th century |
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0102 Lk 4:3-29; Mt 21:24-24:15 |
7th century |
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p31, p34, 0106/0119, 0107, 0108, 0109, 0111, 0145, 0167, 0183, 0204, 0209, 0210, 0239, 0262 |
7th century |
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0275 Mt 5:25-29; 29-30; 0303 Lk 13:17-29 |
7th century |
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Antiochus of Ankara. Wrote Pandect: compilation of Bible and Patristic text, and lists all heresies. |
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7th century |
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Liturgy of Adaeus and Mari |
7.5 |
7th century |
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Braulio of Saragossa Life of St. Aemilianus |
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631-651 |
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Constantine of Mananalis, started Paulicans |
c.640 or657 |
Also called Euchites, they were ascetic, vegetarian Gnostics or neo-Manichaeans |
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Maximus Confessor of Constantinople Chalcedonian |
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c.638-658 |
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Letter of Columbanus to Gregory |
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before 664 |
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Synod of Whitby to set the date of Easter |
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664 |
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Ildefonsus of Toledo. Perpetual Virginity of Mary |
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c.650-667 |
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John Climacus (John of the Ladder) |
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before 670 |
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Council of Hertford, Britain. Theodore of Tarsus, archbishop of Canterbury, presided |
1 |
673/674 |
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Council of Bordeaux, France |
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675 |
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Arbogast of Strasburg |
-678 |
Missionary to Alsace. He was either from Scotland, Ireland or Aquitaine. |
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Monothelites, orthodox/monophysite compromise |
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633-680 |
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Caedmon’s Hymn. First Northumbrian poetry |
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658-680 |
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Pope Agatho to the 3rd Council of Constant. |
6.5 |
Nov 15, 680 |
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3rd council of Constantinople (6th ecumenical) |
8 |
680-681 |
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Constantine Mananalis |
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657-684 |
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Athanasius II Baldoyou Syrian Orthodox Patriarch |
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645-686 |
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Killian/Cillian of Kildare |
c.660-689 |
Irish missionary to Germany. Martyred in Wurzburg |
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Julian of Toledo. Wrote on messianic prophecies and persecuting Jews |
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c.670-690 |
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Quinisext Council (=Council in Trullo) |
18 |
692 |
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Arian Visigoths persecute Jews in Spain |
623-693 |
Jews were killed, forced to convert, or expelled from Toledo & Spain |
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Orthodox sack monastery of St. Maro, Lebanon |
694 |
Kill 500 Maronite monks according to World Christian Trends AD 30-AD 2200 p.119 |
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Copt historian John of Nikiou, Egypt (wrote against Islam. Said Islam was God’s punishment against Chalcedonians |
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c.680-696 |
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Vision of Ezra. Ezra sees torments in Tartarus. |
1.5 |
4/7th cent. |
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Apocalypse of pseudo-Methodius |
late 7th cent. |
Written in north Syria, it describes Muslim conquest and a future Roman deliverer. |
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Nineveh (=the Syrian) (Nestorian) ascetic wrote on the inner life |
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c.700/7th cent. |
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Estimated 41M Christians, 20% world pop. 205M |
700 |
World Christian Trends AD 30-AD 2200 p.97,119 |
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p43, 0277, 0281, 0291 |
7/8th century |
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0289 |
7/8th century? |
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The Avenging of the Savior (Legend of Veronica) |
4 |
7/8th century |
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Anastasius of Sinai (= of Sinaita) |
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died c.700 |
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James of Edessa |
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c.700 |
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Muslims kill many Christians in North Africa |
700- |
according to World Christian Trends AD 30-AD 2200 p.119 |
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Buddhist Empress Wu Zetian |
698-705 |
Burned Nestorian churches and monasteries in China |
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Frankish Rupert of Salzburg |
700-710 |
Missionary along the Danube River |
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2nd Buddhist persecution of Christians in China |
712-713 |
according to World Christian Trends AD 30-AD 2200 p.119 |
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Muslim caliph Omar II destroys all new churches |
717- |
according to World Christian Trends AD 30-AD 2200 p.119 |
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Judaism outlawed in Constantinople |
722 |
Judaism illegal in the capital |
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Franks defeat Muslims in the Battle of Tours France |
Oct 10, 732 |
Charles Martel stops Muslim Jihad. Arabs broke ranks when camp & plunder attacked |
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Bede the Venerable, English historian. Finished translating John as he lay dying. |
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731-735 |
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Willibrord, Apostle to the Frisians |
c.695-739 |
One of the first to reach the Frisians in the Netherlands. His father knew Alcuin. |
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Andrew of Crete, hymn writer. He was the first to claim Luke draw a secret picture of Jesus. |
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712-726/740 |
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Anastasius Abba |
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740 |
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Roman Pope Gregory III (defender of icons) |
731-741 |
Condemns iconoclasm and supports icons |
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Fabricius |
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740-742 |
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Councils of Germanicum and Lestines |
742 & 743 |
Banned Easter fires |
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Council of Franconia |
747 |
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Leontius of Neapolis Life of Symeon |
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mid 7th cent. |
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John of Damascus (defender of icons & relics) |
98.5 |
706-749 |
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Aduius and the Audians of Mesopotamia |
706-749 |
Epiphanius wrote against them. Accepted the Gnostic Apocryphon of John. |
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Codex Amiatinus (No 1 Jn 5:7) |
700-750 |
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Nestorians evangelize in modern-day Pakistan/Punjab |
750 |
according to World Christian Trends AD 30-AD 2200 p.119 |
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Hesychius, Pros Theodoulon |
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c.750? |
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L(e) |
8th century |
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p42, 095, 0101, 0126, 0127, 0146, 0148, 0161, 0229, 0234, 0238 |
8th century |
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John the Elder of Mt. Qardu, N. Iraq (monk) |
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8th century |
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Synod of Hieria (=Council of Constantinople V) (338 bishops, against icons) |
754 |
"the unlawful art of painting living creatures blasphemed the fundamental doctrine of our salvation--namely, the Incarnation of Christ, & contradicted the six holy synods” |
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Boniface, missionary to the Germans |
c.716-Jun 754 |
Cut down the Donar Oak dedicated to Thor. Martyred with 52 others by bandits in Frisia (Netherlands) |
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Uighurs convert from Nestorianism to Manichaeism |
762 |
In central Asia/western China, Uighurs abandon Nestorian Christian roots. |
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Lateran Synod/Council |
769 |
Catholic synod supports icons and condemns the Council of Hieria |
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John the Anchorite of Beth Mari Qanon. Lives of Female Saints & Martyrs (has Sinaitic Syriac palimpsest) |
358 |
778 |
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Nestorian Ta-ch'in-ching-chiao stele in Xian |
1 |
781 |
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Second Council of Nicea (7th ecumenical) 367 bishops |
787 |
Both Catholics and Orthodox condemn Adoptionism, and the Council of Hieria. Restored icons. Every church that is built should have a relic. |
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Charlemagne kills Saxons who don’t convert |
787 |
After defeating the Saxons, Charlemagne killed 14K who would not convert |
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Georgius Syncellus Chronicle |
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790 |
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Synodicon Orientale |
790 |
List of Nestorian synods and canons |
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Cosmas of Maiuma / Jerusalem. Iconophile |
743-773/794 |
Hymn writer, foster brother of John of Damascus. Wrote on Gregory Nanzianzus |
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Council of Frankfurt |
794 |
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Beatus |
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798 |
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The Donation of Constantine fraud giving western Roman Empire to the Popes |
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750-800 |
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0279, 0298 |
8/9th century |
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Beatus of Liebana, Spain. Commentary on the Apocalypse. Compiled words of prior Christians |
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776-c.800 |
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Theodore Bar-Konai Book of Scholia (description of heresies) |
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end of 8th century |
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Nestorian Christianity the main religion in central Asia |
800 |
from the Caspian Sea to Xinjiang, per World Christian Trends AD 30-AD 2200 p.120 |
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Alcuin of York, scholar under Charlemagne |
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782-804 |
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Muslim caliph Harun al-Rashid tears down churches |
807 |
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Benedict of Aniane, France |
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780-821 |
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Timothy I, Nestorian Patriarch. Apology for Christianity |
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780-823 |
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Council of Paris |
824 |
France & Greek Orthodox Church tried to agree on the devotion to be paid to images |
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Theodore Abu Qurrah, Arabian who debated monophysites |
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813-820/825 |
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Theodore the Studite/Stoudite (Orthodox, icons) |
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759-826 |
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Claudius of Turin, many Bible commentaries |
810-827 |
Iconoclast against “picture-worshippers” and venerating the cross. All bishops equal. Prefigured Waldensians & reformers. |
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Nicephorus I of Constantinople (Stichiometry) |
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806-828 |
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Isho Ben Nun (Nestorian) Select Questions |
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823-828 |
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Abd al-Masih ibn Isaq al-Kindi (court official who wrote to convert a Muslim) |
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830 |
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Synod of Langres, France |
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830 |
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Synod of Thionville, (Diedenhofer), France |
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835 |
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Georgius Monachus (Hamartolos) chronicler against iconoclasts |
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after 842 |
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Taoist Chinese Emperor Wu persecutes Buddhists and Nestorians |
840-846 |
Non-violent but severe persecution. Much land was tied up by Buddhist monasteries. Nestorian Christianity was never as prominent in China again. |
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Amulo of Lyons Against the Jews to King Charles |
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ca.847 |
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Council of Mayence (Mainz), Germany |
848 |
Condemned Gottschalk for double predestination. Imprisoned him for 20 years |
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Amalarius of Metz (= of Symphosius) liturgist |
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847 |
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Muslim caliph al-Mutawakkil persecutes Christians |
849/850 |
Muslims invaded from Syria to France, and from Persia to India |
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Kerala copper plates give details of Christians in India |
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c.850 |
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John Malela Chronicles |
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c.850 |
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Amalarius of Metz & Treves/Trier |
809-c.850 |
Liturgical writer and disciple of Alcuin. Wrote against Gottschalk’s predestination. |
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Byzantine Lectionaries |
9th century- |
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- |
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Codex Vallicellianus (written in Tours) |
9th century |
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- |
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Codex Cavensis (has 1 Jn 5:7) |
9th century |
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- |
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Sedulius Scotus (Suadbar) of Ireland. Bible commentator, logician, 90 poems |
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9th century |
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pseudo-Zephyrinus of Rome. Two Letters |
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9th century |
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Apocalypse of the Holy Mother of God Concerning Chastisements |
5.5 |
9th century? |
- |
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W |
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Isho’dad of Merv. Syrian NT commentary |
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c.852 |
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Second Synod of Quierzy/Chiersy under Hincmar of Reims |
853 |
Condemned double predestination. Some predestined through foreknowledge to be saved by freewill through grace. God desires all to be saved, and Christ died for all. |
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Synod of Valence under Remigius of Lyons (852-875) |
Jan. 855 |
Double predestination, limited atonement. Against Hincmar; differed from Gottschalk. |
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Rabanus Maurus of Mainz, Bible commentator |
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c.776-856 |
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Photian Schism under Photius patriarch of Constantinople |
857 |
Constantinople and Rome divide over Roman Pope supreme and adding the Holy Spirit sent "and the Son" after "by the Father" |
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False Decretals, probably by Isidore Mercator. Know to be fake by 1100 A.D. (100 letters) |
30 |
847-859 |
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John of Darus |
825-860 |
Syriac Orthodox church historian. Also wrote on the Soul, Paradise, and Creation. |
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Paschasius Radbertus |
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786-865 |
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Ansger/Anskar of Hamburg, Apostle to the North |
820-865 |
Missionary in Scandinavia. 829 evangelized the Swedes |
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Rudolf of Fulda, Hesse. Important writer |
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died 865 |
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Gottschalk of Orbais, France (against Rabanus Maurus) |
840-866/8 |
Influential teacher of double predestination. Imprisoned for 20 years, where he became mentally deranged. |
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Arabic codex 151 Acts, Paul, Hebrews, general epistles |
867 |
It used “Yesuah”, not “Isa” for Jesus. |
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Paschasius Ratremus of Corbie On the Eucharist |
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744-868 |
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Emperor Basil I calls Council of Constantinople VI |
869-870 |
Deposed Photius, Patriarch of Constantinople (He was reinstated in 879.) |
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Synod of Douzy, France |
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871 |
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Donatus of Fiesole |
850-876 |
Teacher and poet from Galway, Ireland |
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Synod of Pontion, France |
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876 |
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John Scotus Eirugena (Irish-born), Neo-Platonist theologian who succeeded Alcuin under Charlemagne. Believed in pre-existence of souls |
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c.848-c.877 |
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Anastasius Bibliothecarius (librarian, historian) |
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858-878 |
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Council of Constantinople VII |
879 |
Reinstated Photius, Patriarch of Constantinople and repudiated the Constantinople VI |
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Synod of Lyons, France |
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886 |
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Photius I (the Great) of Constantinople |
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c.858-891 |
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Cyril and Methodius missionaries from Constantinople to Slavs in Moravia |
846-895 |
Moravian prince Ratislav requested they come to establish a national church, standardize the Slavonic language, and counter the influence of Frankish missionaries |
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Cadaver Synod condemns Pope Formosus |
Jan. 897 |
Roman Pope Stephen (VI) VII convicts dead Roman Pope Formosus. |
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Magyars of Hungary become Christians |
900 |
according to World Christian Trends AD 30-AD 2200 p.121 |
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Regino of Prum Chronicon (Chronicler) |
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892-915 |
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Moses Bar Kepha |
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died 903 |
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Remigius of Auxerre. Commentaries on Gen, Ps |
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867-908 |
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Synodicon Vetus (=Libellus Synodicus) |
887-920 |
A history of eastern church councils up to 887 and western church councils up to 400 |
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Jewish Aleppo Codex of the Old Testament |
c.920 |
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– |
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King Boris and Bulgars convert to Christianity |
864-927 |
according to World Christian Trends AD 30-AD 2200 p.121 |
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Arethas of Caesarea. commentaries on the Apocalypse & Marcus Aurelius' Meditations. |
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fl.932 |
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Saadya Gaon makes the 1st Arabic translation of the Pentateuch |
892-942 |
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Muslims capture 50% of former Christian lands |
c.949 |
according to World Christian Trends AD 30-AD 2200 p.121 |
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Roman Catholic priests could no longer marry |
950 |
changed with Pope Hildebrand’s reform. World Christian Trends AD 30-AD 2200 p.121 |
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Bernard of Thuringia predicts world’s end soon |
960 |
according to World Christian Trends AD 30-AD 2200 p.121 |
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Poland becomes Christian |
966 |
Duke Mieszko I is converted by his wife. World Christian Trends AD 30-AD 2200 p.121 |
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Suidas |
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980 |
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Vikings repeatedly kill all at Iona monastery |
794-986 |
794, 801, 806, 825, 986. per World Christian Trends AD 30-AD 2200 p.120 |
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Iraqi Muslim rulers appoint the Nestorian Catholicos’s |
987 |
according to World Christian Trends AD 30-AD 2200 p.121 |
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Synods of Charroux, Narbonne, and Puy, France |
990 |
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Council of Limoges, France |
991 |
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Bernard of Thuringia |
992 |
Predicts the end of the world, per to World Christian Trends AD 30-AD 2200 p.121 |
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Council of Poitiers, France |
998 |
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Jesus Sutras of Mogao cave near Dunhuang blended Nestorian, Buddhist, and Taoist thought |
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635-1000 A.D. |
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Simon Metaphrastes Martyrdom of Shamuna, Guria & Habib |
5.5 |
800-1000 |
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Fatimid Egyptians expand and persecute Christians |
969-1000 |
according to World Christian Trends AD 30-AD 2200 p.121 |
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Many go to Jerusalem to await Christ’s return |
1000 |
according to World Christian Trends AD 30-AD 2200 p.121 |
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Persian has 68 cities with Nestorian churches |
1000 |
but only 7 after Tamerlane in 1380, per World Christian Trends AD 30-AD 2200 p.121 |
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Nestorian Christians in Korea |
c.1000 |
According to World Christian Trends AD 30-AD 2200 p.121 |
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Caedmon manuscript (=Junius ms.) 5,019 stanzas |
|
c.1000 |
Anonymous poetry on Genesis, Exodus, Daniel, and Christ and Satan |
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|
Council of Thoinville, Germany |
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1003 |
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Council of Frankfurt, Germany |
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1007 |
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Jewish Leningrad Codex of the Old Testament |
c.1008 |
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|
Caliph Hakim persecutes Christians & Jews |
1004-1012 |
Egyptian Fatimid Caliph Hakim terrorizes pilgrims & desecrates Jerusalem in 1009. He destroys 3,000 churches according to World Christian Trends AD 30-AD 2200 p.121. |
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|
Kerait Mongol tribe becomes Nestorian Christian |
1009 |
According to Abdisho of Merve’s report to John VI |
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|
Over 50% of the pop. Nestorians in Syria, Iraq and Khorasan |
1020 |
According to World Christian Trends AD 30-AD 2200 p.121. Muslim rulers might consider being Orthodox or Roman Catholic as disloyal. |
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Symeon the New Theologian |
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979-1022 |
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Council of Seligenstadt, Germany |
|
1023 |
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|
Burchard of Worms, wrote a canon law |
|
c.1000-1025 |
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Council of Arras I against Manichaeans |
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1025 |
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Council of Bourges, France |
|
1038 |
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Ivo of Chartres, France |
c.1040 |
wrote Tripartia, Panormia, Decretum on church canon law. |
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Abu’l Faraj ‘Abdulla ibn-at-Tayyib |
|
- Oct 1043 |
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Codex Ambrosianus (5 Gothic manuscripts) |
6th to 11th c. |
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|
Council of Rheims under Pope Leo IX |
|
1049 |
Declared that the Pope is primary as the success of Peter |
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Antony/Antonius Melissa Loci Communes. Collection of sentences |
|
11th century |
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|
John the Deacon |
11th century |
Wrote On the Veneration of Saints and Against Soul Sleep |
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|
Council of Paris condemned Berengar of Tours |
1051 |
Berengar of Tours denied Transubstantiation |
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|
Great Schism of the Catholic & Orthodox churches |
1054 |
After Orthodox closed all Catholic Churches in their lands, the two sides met, and excommunicated each other. Both sides repealed this in 1964. |
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|
Council of Rome II condemned Berengar of Tours |
1059 |
Berengar of Tours denied Transubstantiation |
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|
Cedranus Compendium of History |
|
1060 |
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Synod of Worms, Germany |
1076 |
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Council of Rome II condemned Berengar of Tours |
1079 |
Berengar of Tours denied Transubstantiation |
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Council of Burgos |
1080 |
For church rituals Spain would use the Roman rite instead of the Visigothic rite |
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Theophylact of Ohrid. Bible commentator |
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1080 |
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Philip Monotropos orthodox monk |
c.1080 |
Wrote Diotropa (The Mirror). Wrote on veneration of saints and against soul sleep |
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Eustratius Garidas of Constantinople (against soul sleep) |
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1081-1084 |
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Berengar of Tours (against transubstantiation) |
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1050-1088 |
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Miketa of Stethatos, disciple of Symeon |
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c.1025-c.1090 |
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Guitmund of Aversa, Normandy |
1060-1095 |
Norman invasion was wrong. Defended transubstantiation against Berengar. The decay of the elements is only a deception of our senses. |
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Council of Clermont launches the First Crusade |
1096 |
One reason was to stop Muslims attacking Christian pilgrims to Jerusalem |
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Over 12,000 Jews killed in Germany |
1096 |
During the 1st Crusade, Jews said to be worst enemies after Muslims |
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Council of Arras II (France) |
1097 |
Regulations concerning monasteries |
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Council of Bari, Italy 185 Italian Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic bishops |
Oct 1, 1098 |
Accepted filioque, must use unleavened bread. Supported Anselm over William II or England. No non-Italian Greek Orthodox bishops apparently present |
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Easter Synod in Rome |